走進構詞法專列

王小英

英語中構成單詞的方法常有合成、派生、轉化詞義等幾種。下面請走進構詞法專列逐項欣賞：

一、合成詞匯展廳

合成詞，又名復合詞,因由兩詞(或多詞)合并成一詞(詞與詞之間也可以有連字符)而得名；其中合成名詞是標準的大家庭,其次是合成形容詞，合成介詞、副詞、數詞等也“人才輩出”。

A. 合成名詞網頁grandchildren, afternoon, volleyball, washroom, policeman, keyboard, goodbye, pencilbox, postman, breakfast, etc.

B. 合成形容詞網頁English-speaking, Chinese-English, etc.

C. 其它合成詞網頁something, everybody, sometimes, twenty-first, yourself, etc.

列車員：春天到，楊柳青青樹枝發——英語中也有不少“詞干”通過加前綴或后綴，“長出”串串“派生詞”!請瞧好了……

二、派生詞小觀園

所謂派生詞，就是由詞根加前綴或后綴重組而成：如like(像)-unlike(不像)，加前綴,一般不導致詞類(性)轉變，而只是引起意義上的變化，故有加前綴便可能構成反義詞之說；near(adj.)-nearly(adv.)，加后綴，意義變化不大，只改變了詞類(性)；其中以名詞、形容詞的后綴最多，加上副詞、數詞的后綴合稱四大常見后綴。

A. 后綴主頁其中以名詞后綴(像-ness,-tion,-ian,-ure,-ing等)、形容詞的后綴(像-ful,-ed,-less,-able等)居多;它們與副詞后綴(-ly)、數詞的后綴(像-teen,-ty,-th等)合稱“四大名綴”。

a. 名詞后綴網頁good-goodness; play-player; America-American; build-building; please-pleasure; different-difference; etc.

b. 形容詞后綴網頁friend-friendly; England-English; close-closed; etc.

c. 副詞、數詞等后綴網頁certain-certainly; eight-eighteen; eighty-eighteenth; etc.

B. 前綴主頁like-dislike; happy-unhappy; etc.

列車員：詞匯大家族里還有不少“雙重身份”者：它們既服役于此詞類，一轉身又去另一方面軍效勞，人稱“轉化詞或兼類詞”。眼見為實，一起去看看……

三、轉化詞全家福

A. 動詞→名詞方隊

water澆水 / 水，break打破/休息，go去/試，watch觀看/手表，boat劃船/船，cook煮飯/廚師，etc.

注：look, talk, rest, swim, try, read等動詞常用于have / take a...結構中作名詞。

B. 動詞→形容詞方隊

open開/開著的；clean擦洗/干凈的；etc.

C. 名詞→形容詞方隊

light燈/輕的；淡的(顏色)；orange桔子；桔紅色/桔紅色的；Chinese中國人/漢語 / 中國的；etc.

D. 其它轉化詞方隊

dear親愛的/昂貴的；like喜歡/像；etc.

注：多數詞僅詞性變化，如：work v. & n.工作，yellow adj. & n.黃色(的)；thank v. & n.感謝；that pron. & adj.那(個)， etc.

四、體驗性自測題：

做罷下列三種“體驗性自測題”，相信大家定能從構詞法的特點中獲益多多，并積極運用于平時的知識識記中！

⒈ 形同意不同：仔細觀察轉化詞轉化前后的區別。

(1) a. He is strong enough to lift the heavy box. (v.)

b. He often uses a lift to go up and down. (n.)

(2) a. How kind you are!(adj.)

b. This kind of cakes tastes so nice. (n.)

(3) a. Isnt a ball round? (adj. )

b. The earth goes round the sun. (adv.)

(4) a. My father is a good cook. (n.)

b. My father likes to cook himself today. (v.)

⒉ 變變變：請看派生構詞法如何讓個個平時熟悉的單詞“身隨境變”。

(1) How________(interest)!He is________(interest) in ________(play) football too.

(2) You are too ________(care). How can you leave the two babies all by ________(they)？

(3) The three ________(America) are very ________(happy) because the loud noise woke them up from

time to time.

(4) July is the ________(seven) month of the year, and its also the ________(hot) one in China.

Keys：⒈(1)a.舉起b.電梯(2)a.和氣,好心的b.種類(3)a.圓的b.圍繞(4)a.廚師b.煮飯、炒菜

⒉(1)interesting, interested, playing (2)careless, themselves (3)Americans, unhappy (4)seventh, hottest