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黃荊化學成分及其生物活性研究進展

2013-12-03 08:07劉雨晴薛明趙天增張海艷于立芹
山東科學 2013年1期
關鍵詞:又名萜烯殺蟲

劉雨晴,薛明,趙天增,張海艷,于立芹

(1.河南省科學院天然產物重點實驗室,河南鄭州450002;2.山東農業大學植物保護學院,山東泰安271018)

黃荊(Vitex negundo Linn.),落葉灌木或小喬木,高可達6 m,枝葉有香氣;新枝方形,灰白色,密被細絨毛;葉對生,掌狀復葉,具長柄,通常5出,有時3出;小葉片橢圓狀卵形,長4~9 cm,寬1.5~3.5 cm,中間的小葉片最大,兩側次第減小,先端長尖,基部楔形,全緣或淺波狀,或每側具2~5淺鋸齒,上面淡綠色,有稀疏短毛和細油點,下面白色,密被白色絨毛;圓錐花序,頂生;萼鐘形,5齒裂;花冠淡紫色,唇形,長約6 mm,上唇2裂,下唇3裂;雄蕊4,2強;子房4室,花柱線形,柱頭2裂;核果,卵狀球形,褐色,徑約2.5 mm,下半部包于宿萼內;花期6~8月,果期8~9月,生于向陽山地。黃荊又叫黃荊子、荊條、五指風等,是馬鞭草科黃荊屬植物,原產于印度,主要分布在溫帶和熱帶地區,在我國河南、山東、山西、陜西、甘肅、浙江和江蘇等地均有分布。

1 黃荊化學成分研究

黃荊種子、葉片、樹皮和根中含有多種結構新穎、生物活性強的次生代謝物質,已見黃荊化學成分的報道有120多種,分別是萜烯類、黃酮類、植物甾醇、木脂素及其衍生物等[1-3]。

1.1 萜烯類化合物及其衍生物

萜烯類化合物是黃荊中種類最豐富,數量最多的一類化合物,并且不斷有新骨架被發現,藥效實驗顯示其具有很強的生物活性。因此多年來,萜烯類化合物的分離鑒定一直是黃荊化學成分研究的重點和熱點。自上個世紀六十年代以來,國內外學者對黃荊的內含物進行了大量研究,現已從該植物的種子、葉片、根和莖的樹皮中分離和鑒定出61種萜烯類成分,其中單萜有十余種,見表1。

表1 黃荊植株中單萜類化合物Table 1 Monoterpenes of V.negundo

黃荊中含有 21 種單萜衍生物,分別是:4-松油醇(4-Terpine-Ol[4])、乙酸松油酯(Terpinyl Acetate[8])、乙酸龍腦酯(Bornyl Acetate[7])、香草酸又名香莢蘭酸(Vanillic Acid[9])、1,8-桉樹腦(1,8-Cineole[7])、桉樹腦又名桉葉素 (Eucalyptol[5])、樟腦 (Camphor[8])、乙酸芳樟酯 (Linalyl Acetate[1])、硭牛兒醇又名香葉醇(Geraniol[1])、香茅醇(Citronellol[1])、馬鞭草烯酮(Verbenone[1])、香茅醛又名香草醛(Citronellal[1])、順 - 檜烯水合物(Cis-Sabinene Hydrate)、E-(Β)-羅勒烯(E-(Β)-Ocime Ne[1])、反式 - 氧化芳樟醇(Trans-Linalool Oxide[1])、順式 - 氧化芳樟醇(Cis-Linalool Oxide[1])、α-松油醇(α-Terpineol[1])、α-乙酸松油酯(α-Terpinyl Acetate[1])、檸醛檬(Citral[6])。

黃荊中含有 13 種倍半萜化合物,分別是:β-石竹烯(Beta-Caryophyllene)[8]、α-愈創烯(α-Guaiene)[4]、別-香樹烯(Alloarom Adendrene)和法呢烯(又名金合歡烯,β-Farnesene)[5]、Δ-欖香烯(Delta-Elemene)[7-8]、β-愈創烯(β-Guaiene)[7]、α-依蘭烯(α-Ylangene)、α-古巴烯(又名 α-胡椒烯,α-Copaene)、α-葎草烯(α-Humulene)、β-沒藥烯(β-Bisabolene)、γ-杜松油烯(γ-Cadinene)、α-古云烯(α-Gurjunene)、β-波旁老鸛草烯又名 β-波旁烯(β-Bourbonene)[1]。

黃荊中含有11種倍半萜衍生物,分別是:β-桉葉油醇(β-Eudesmol)[10]、石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene Oxide)[4]、斯巴醇(Spathulenol)[4]、3-Formyl-4,5-Dimethyl-8-Oxo-5H-6,7-Dihydronaphtho(2,3-b)Furan[11]、青蒿亭(Artemetin[12])、綠化白千層醇(Virdiflorol[13])、蘭桉醇(Globulol[4])、乙酰石竹酸(Acetyl Oleanolic Acid[11])、β-紅沒藥醇(β-Bisabolol[1])、橄欖醇又名欖香醇(Elemol[1])、橙花叔醇((Z)-Nerolidol[1])。

黃荊種子中含有一對半日花烷型二萜,即(rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16S)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxy-labda-15,16-olide和 (rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16R)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxylabda-15,16-olide,它們是非對映異構體[14]。

黃荊中含有8種三萜類化合物,分別是:

(1)角鯊烯,又名鯊魚烯(Squalene)[13];

(2)樺木腦酸(Betulinic Acid)[15];

(3)熊果酸,又名烏蘇酸(Ursolic Acid)[15];

(4)3β-Acetoxyolean-12-En-27-Oic Acid[3];

(5)2α,[3α-Dihydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];

(6)2β,3α-Diacetoxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];

(7)2α,3β-Diacetoxy-18-Hydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];

(8)羽扇豆醇(Lupeol[16])。

黃荊中含有 6 種環烯醚萜烯類化合物[4,17]。分別是:穗花牡荊苷(Agnuside)[13]、Lagundinin[10]、2'-PHydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], 6'-P-Hydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], Negundoside[19]、Nishindaside[20]。

1.2 生物堿類

黃荊中含有1種生物堿類化合物,即苯基萘型木脂素生物堿黃荊素堿A[21]。

1.3 黃酮類及其衍生物

黃荊中含有15種黃酮類化合物[18]。分別為:

(1)毛地黃黃酮(Luteolin[21]);

(2)葒草素(Orientin[22]);

(3)牡荊苷(Vitexin);

(4)山奈酚 (3,4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone)[9];

(5)查耳酮[23];

(6)黃酮苷 C-Glycosides[9];

(7)5,7,3'-Trihydroxy,6,8,4'-Trimethoxy Flavones[24];

(8)5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,3,4'-Pentamethoxyl Flavone[18];

(9)蔓荊子黃素(Vitexicarpin[21,24]);

(10)異葒草素(異葒草苷)(Isoorientin[21]);

(11)黃酮苷 6-C-Glucosyl-5-O-Rhamnopyranosyl Trimethoxy Wogonin[23];

(12)黃酮苷 Acerosin-5-O-Glucoside-Monoacetate[23];

(13)5,3'-Dihydroxy-7,8,4'-Trimethoxy Flavanone[25];

(14)6-C-Glucosyl-Flavonoids[23];

(15)5β-Hydro-8,L1,13-Abietatrien-6Α-Ol[12]。

1.4 木脂素及其衍生物

黃荊中含有7種木脂素和7種木脂素衍生物[21],木脂素分別是 6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Meth-Oxyphenyl)3-Hydroxymethyl-7-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde、NegundinA、NegundinB、(+)-Diasyringaresinol、(+)-Lyoniresinol、(+)-(- )-Pinoresinol和(+)-Lyoniresinol-3a-O-Β-D-Glucoside[2]。

Masateru Ono于2004年,從黃荊種子中分離出7種木脂素衍生物[21],分別是:

(1)Vitedoin A

[6-Hydroxy-4β-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Phenyl)-3Α-Hydroxylmethyl-5-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde];

(2)Vitedoamine A

[6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)-7-Methoxy-3-Nicoticmethyl-2-Naphthoic Acid-Γ-Lactam];

(3)Vitedoin B

[(Rel-3S,5S,8R,9R,10S)-3-Acetoxy-14,15,16-Trinor-13,9-Labdanolide];

(4)Detetrahydroconidendrin;

(5)Vitrofolal E;

(6)Vitrofolal F;

(7)2R,3Β-7-O-Methylcedrusin。

1.5 植物甾醇

黃荊葉子,根和樹皮中含有兩種谷甾醇類物質,分別為 β-谷甾醇(Beta-Sitosterol[8]),谷甾醇(Sitosterol[11])。

1.6 有機酸類

黃荊中含有三種酚酸類物質,分別是:對羥基 - 苯甲酸(P-Hydroxybenzoic Acid[15,21]),Phenolic Acids[26],二甲基甲酚(Bis[1,1-Dimethyl]Methylphenol[4])。

1.7 其它成分

另外 黃 荊 中 還 含 有 三 十 一 烷 醇 (Hentriacontanol[15])、D-果 糖 (D-Fructose[21])、Negundoside[19]、Alkaloids[26]和環戊烯二醛(Rotundial[27])。

2 黃荊生物活性研究

2.1 黃荊的醫用活性

黃荊的種子、根、莖、葉、花均可以入藥,具有去痰、止咳、緩解支氣管痙攣等作用,并能防治甲醛性關節炎腫脹的發展,對細菌有較廣泛的抑制作用[28]。黃荊揮發油對慢性氣管炎有療效,現已有揮發油膠囊投放市場[29]。

黃荊提取物具有明顯的抗氧化性,具有抗氧化活性的主要是黃酮類化合物,比如毛地黃黃酮通過抗氧化活性達到抑制白內障的作用[30]。

黃荊根甲醇提取物具有抑制脂加氧酶的活性,Vitrofolal E表現一定的抗丁酰膽堿酯酶的活性[2];黃荊中的木脂素類物質具有清除自由基活性[21]。

2.2 黃荊的殺蟲活性

2.2.1 黃荊的殺蟲譜和作用方式

目前,國內外對黃荊殺蟲活性的研究,主要集中在對黃荊葉片的直接利用和黃荊種子與葉片粗提物的殺蟲活性方面。黃荊具有廣泛的殺蟲譜(見表2)。

表2 黃荊殺蟲譜Table 2 Insecticidal scope of V.negundo

續表2

對黃荊殺蟲活性成分的研究,主要是對儲糧害蟲和衛生害蟲。傘花烴對麥蛾Sitotroga cerealella有毒殺活性[18];β-蒎烯對麥蛾有驅避作用[18];β-桉葉油醇對小菜蛾Plutella xylostella等農業害蟲的卵和幼蟲有毒殺活性[10];α-蒎烯和桉樹腦對玉米象Sitophilus zeamais成蟲具有趨避、熏蒸和觸殺作用,對玉米象種群繁殖有強烈的抑制作用,持續控制效果十分理想[31];烏蘇酸對蓖麻螟蛉Achoea janata 3齡幼蟲有拒食作用[15];綠化白千層醇對綠豆象Callosobruchus chinensis產卵有抑制作用,對米象Sitophilusoryzae Linne有拒食作用[13];環戊烯二醛對埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti有驅避作用[17]。

2.2.2 黃荊的作用機理

對黃荊殺蟲機理的研究較少,黃荊提取物對稻縱卷葉螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis的乳酸脫氫酶有強烈的抑制作用[32];對棉紅蝽Dysdercus cingulatus中腸消化酶系造成嚴重損害,使消化酶含量降低[33]。本實驗室盧傳兵[31]報道了黃荊中萜烯類成分桉樹腦和α-蒎烯對玉米象AChE有顯著的抑制活性,IC50分別為6.05×103和2.88×103mg/L,表明AChE是桉樹腦和α-蒎烯的作用靶標之一。

2.2.3 黃荊的增效作用

黃荊提取物能夠增強其他組分的殺蟲活性,黃荊種子提取物和吡蟲啉混用能夠增加吡蟲啉對桃蚜的驅避作用[56];其與萊氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi以14.22:1比例混合對斜紋夜蛾幼蟲的聯合作用較強[57];與核型多角體病毒聯合使用,能夠使棉鈴蟲的取食率、對食物的利用率和排泄受到影響,破壞中腸細胞組織,抑制其消化酶的活性[58-59],增加棉鈴蟲的死亡率;與印楝油聯合對棉鈴蟲Helicoverpa armigera的拒食作用增強[58]。

在較低的濃度下,黃荊提取物和細菌毒素對美洲稻弄蝶的腸道酶系聯合作用,能夠抑制堿性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和ATPase酶的活性[60];其與核型多角體病毒聯合作用能夠嚴重損害棉鈴蟲中腸細胞組織,降低其消化酶的活性[61]。

2.2.4 黃荊對天敵的安全性

黃荊提取物對大草蛉、草蛉(卵、幼蟲、成蟲)、綠草蛉、稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicun(卵、幼蟲、蛹、成蟲)、獵蝽、螟黃赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis和異色瓢蟲Harmonia axyridis(成蟲)等昆蟲天敵均具有較好的安全性[55,62-63]。

2.3 黃荊的抑菌活性

黃荊提取物有廣譜的抑菌活性,既可以抑制球菌也可以抑制桿菌;既可以抑制革蘭氏陽性菌,又可以抑制革蘭氏陰性菌。

黃荊葉片提取物可以通過抑制分生孢子的萌發及菌絲體的生長,防止鐮刀菌引起的金合歡Acacia farnesiana落葉?。?4],對大豆真菌 Colletotrichum truncatum、Fusarium oxysporum 和 Macrophomina phaseolina有明顯的抑制作用[65],還能抑制芽腐病菌Fusarium oxysporum絲體的生長和菌核的產生[66]。

3 結語

利用黃荊防治病蟲害,目前只是停留在對其葉粉和粗提物的直接應用階段,而植物性殺蟲劑的開發利用在資源和環境方面存在諸多問題,因此其研究與開發的重點應是間接開發利用。事實也確實如此,間接利用是當前國外植物性殺蟲劑研究開發的重點,也是我國這類研究發展的方向。因此我們可以在前人研究的基礎上,繼續研究黃荊的殺蟲成分,探討其作用機理,為這一殺蟲植物的進一步開發利用和仿生合成奠定基礎,該研究對于實現害蟲的可持續治理有著重要的理論和實踐意義。

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