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MicroRNA-21在結直腸癌中的研究進展

2014-07-02 01:45綜述周慧芳審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2014年24期
關鍵詞:靶點研究進展直腸癌

梁 政 綜述 周慧芳 審校

MicroRNA-21在結直腸癌中的研究進展

梁 政 綜述 周慧芳 審校

結直腸癌是我國常見的消化系統惡性腫瘤之一。目前認為結直腸癌的形成是一個多因素、多步驟的過程,其具體的發病機制尚不清楚。microRNA(miRNA)是一類非編碼的小分子RNA,能在轉錄后水平調控基因蛋白的表達,參與腫瘤細胞增殖、分化、侵襲和轉移,對結直腸癌的發生和發展具有重要的作用。miRNA-21是當前研究miRNA在結直腸癌發病機制的熱點之一,本文就miR-21在結直腸癌中的研究進展作一綜述。

MicroRNA-21 結直腸癌

結直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常見消化道惡性腫瘤之一。在世界范圍內其發病率呈上升趨勢,隨著人民生活水平的改善和飲食結構的改變,在我國的發病率也日益升高[1]。結直腸癌的發病是一個多基因、多因素、多步驟的過程。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一類非編碼的小RNA,參與多種重要的細胞功能,如細胞分化、增殖、凋亡和腫瘤發生。miR-21是一種原癌miRNA,在多種實體腫瘤包括結直腸癌中明顯高表達,參與腫瘤細胞的增殖、分化及凋亡,對腫瘤生長、侵襲和轉移起重要的調節作用。本文就近年來miR-21在結直腸癌中的研究進展作一綜述。

1 MiR-21概述

microRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中發現的一類長度約為22個核苷酸的非編碼小分子RNA,能夠在轉錄后水平對其靶基因進行負調控。miR-21是miRNA家族的重要成員,位于17q23.2染色體區域的蛋白編碼基因TMEM49基因,參與細胞發育、增殖、分化、凋亡、代謝等過程。miR-21初級轉錄產物在細胞核內經核酸內切酶Drosha剪切,成為前體miR-21,然后轉運到胞漿內,由Dicer酶剪切為更短的RNA雙鏈片段,其中一條鏈成為成熟miR-21,它通過抑制和降解靶基因mRNA來負調控基因的表達。miR-21可以作用于多種靶基因,如磷酸酯酶-張力蛋白同源物PTEN、基質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑RECK、程序性細胞死亡因子4、P53、乳腺絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑、caspase-3/ 7/9、原肌球蛋白1、Bcl-2、hMSH2等[2-5],其表達同樣受到多種因子的調節,靶基因也可以通過反饋通路來調控miR-21的表達,在這復雜的調控網絡中,miR-21處于核心地位。

2 miR-21參與結直腸癌的發生發展

結直腸癌的形成是一個多基因、多因素、多階段共同參與的發生過程。目前研究表明miRNA參與CRC的發病,其中以miR-21的研究較為深入。Deng等[5]以結場癌細胞系HT-29為研究對象,發現當過表達miR-21后,不僅能抑制腫瘤細胞的凋亡,而且能促進腫瘤細胞的增殖和轉移,同時能增加腫瘤細胞對5-Fu的耐藥性。當抑制miR-21的表達后能促進腫瘤細胞凋亡,抑制細胞轉移,明顯改善對5-Fu的耐藥性。另有研究發現在細胞系Caco-2、SW480和SW620中,趨化因子CCL20低表達,同時生物信息學預測和熒光報告系統證實CCL20是miR-21的靶基因,表明miR-21/CCL20參與CRC的發?。?,7]。以腫瘤組織和DLD-1細胞系為研究對象,發現miR-21在腫瘤組織中明顯高表達,當在DLD-1細胞系中沉默miR-21表達時,細胞遷移活性降低30%,表明miR-21能促進腫瘤細胞的轉移[8]。炎癥反應在CRC發生中具有重要的作用,炎癥誘導下產生的COX-2酶促進前列腺素E2的產生,進而抑制PDCD4的表達,而PDCD4是miR-21的靶基因,COX-2抑制劑NS398能顯著降低miR-21的表達,同時促進PDCD4的表達[9]。Asangani等[10]研究發現miR-21能作用于抑癌基因PDCD4,抑制結直腸癌細胞的侵襲,向血管內游離以及轉移。

3 miR-21相關的結直腸癌臨床研究

大多文獻報道主要通過miRNA芯片和Real-time PCR檢測技術發現miR-21不僅在CRC患者腫瘤組織明顯高表達,而且在血漿和糞便中同樣高表達[11-15]。臨床以血漿和糞便為檢測標本,miR-21可以作為一個無創、可靠、非侵入性的診斷性指標。miR-21不僅可以作為診斷指標,而且具有監測病情變化,反映治療效果和監測復發和轉移的作用。目前為止,miR-21是CRC患者最理想的預后指標之一[16]。文獻報道miR-21的升高不僅與淋巴結和遠處轉移相關,而且能提示CRC患者的無病生存期縮短,以及治療效果差的特點,是判斷預后的獨立預測因素一[17,18]。miR-21在結腸癌肝轉移患者中明顯高表達,與無病間期呈正相關,即miR-21高表達的患者其無病間期明顯縮短,表明miR-21高表達患者更容易出現肝轉移[19]。與正常組織相比,miR-21在結腸癌腫瘤組織高表達,值得強調的是,與Ⅰ/Ⅱ期的患者相比,miR-21在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者顯著高表達,表明miR-21的表達與臨床分期相關[20]。復發患者腫瘤組織中miR-21的表達明顯增高[21]。miR-21與靜脈浸潤、肝轉移和腫瘤分期呈正相關,高表達組的總生存和無病生存比低表達組明顯縮短[22]??傊?,miR-21可以作為臨床診斷、判斷復發,預測轉移、臨床分期和化療耐藥等檢測指標。

4 miR-21可能成為結直腸癌治療的新靶點

結直腸癌的治療主要包括手術、化療和放療等手段,但目前患者的死亡率仍很高,迫切需要其他有效治療措施。miR-21在CRC患者中高表達,與CRC的臨床分期,轉移,預后密切相關,因此,miR-21可望成為CRC基因治療的新靶點。目前,反義miR-21的寡核苷酸鏈和RNA干擾技術可以阻斷miR-21對靶基因的轉錄后調節,從而抑制腫瘤細胞的生長和促進其凋亡,這兩種技術被廣泛應用在以miR-21為靶點治療腫瘤的研究中。Song等[23]研究發現,通過轉染反義miR-21能顯著降低細胞內miR-21的表達,不僅可以明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的生長,而且同樣能抑制血管的生成。Asangani等[10]同樣報道抑制miR-21的表達能促進抑癌基因PDCD4的表達進而減少腫瘤的轉移,表明抑制miR-21可以明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖、轉移和血管生成。不僅如此,研究表明在耐藥結直腸癌細胞株HCT-116和HT-29中,反義miR-21能增加5-Fu化療藥物的敏感性,miR-21與化療藥具有協同作用[24]。綜上所述,通過對miR-21的深入研究,預測其很有可能成為治療CRC的新靶點。

結直腸癌是一類常見的消化系統的惡性腫瘤,嚴重威脅著人類健康。隨著對miRNA在結直腸癌中作用的深入研究,發現miR-21與CRC的發生發展密切相關,不僅參與腫瘤細胞的惡性增殖、凋亡、轉移等多個過程,而且對結直腸癌的早期診斷、臨床分期、預后評估、療效評價等方面均具有重要作用,有可能成為CRC治療的新靶點。

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(2014-11-01收稿)(2014-12-09修回)

(本文編輯:鄭莉)

Advances in research on microRNA-21 in colorectal cancer

Zheng LIANG,Huifang ZHOU

Department of Ear-Nose-Throat,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300060,China

Huifang ZHOU;E-mai:ent1682002@126.com

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common digestive system neoplasms in China.Recently,the morbidity and mortality rates of CRC continue to increase with the improvement of people's living standard and the change of the dietary structure.It was accepted that the etiology of colorectal cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step process.However,the mechanism of CRC is still unclear.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of-21 nucleotide non-coding RNAs and function as a negative regulator of gene expression after transcription,participating in tumor angiogenesis,tumor cell proliferation and invasion.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),as an important oncogenic RNA,plays a vital role in the development and progression of CRC.This review summarizes the advances in research on miR-21 in colorectal cancer.

MicroRNA;colorectal cancer

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20142093

天津醫科大學總醫院耳鼻咽喉科(天津市300052)

周慧芳 ent1682002@126.com

梁政 專業方向為腫瘤基礎研究與頭頸腫瘤臨床診治。

E-mail:ent1682002@126.com

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