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頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化前路手術并發腦脊液漏的處理策略

2015-06-23 09:54菅鳳增
實用醫院臨床雜志 2015年3期
關鍵詞:術區脊膜前路

吳 浩,齊 猛,菅鳳增

(首都醫科大學宣武醫院,北京 100053)

頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化前路手術并發腦脊液漏的處理策略

吳 浩,齊 猛,菅鳳增

(首都醫科大學宣武醫院,北京 100053)

目的 探討前路手術治療頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)時腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)漏的處理方法。方法 2010年8月至2014年12月期間治療的頸椎OPLL患者124例,其中75例行前路椎體次全切,49例行椎體次全切+單間隙間盤摘除術。分析發生CSF漏的處理方式及預后,總結前路手術并發CSF漏的處理策略。結果 124例患者術中硬脊膜破損發生率為 5.6%(7/124),CSF漏的發生率為3.2%(4/124)。硬脊膜破損但蛛網膜保持完整的患者未作任何特殊處理,患者預后良好,未出現明確CSF漏;CSF漏的患者術中使用脂肪或人工硬膜配合纖維蛋白膠修補,術后均腰池引流4~5天,最終預后良好,無一例CSF漏患者并發腦膜炎、皮膚竇道等二次并發癥。結論 前路手術治療頸椎OPLL出現CSF漏的處理方式包括預防措施、術中硬脊膜修補(使用不同材料)、術后腰池引流,甚至腦室引流或腦室腹腔分流。術中硬脊膜直接縫合修補是最佳的處理方式,但是由于在技術操作困難,大部分情況是不能實施的。術中進行一定的修補措施,同時術后進行輔助手段,可以達到良好效果。

頸椎后縱韌帶骨化;前路手術;腦脊液漏

頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是頸椎管狹窄的主要原因之一,可導致脊髓型頸椎病及神經根型頸椎病。頸椎OPLL的治療有多種手術方式,包括頸前路椎體次全切、后路單開門椎管擴大成形術、后路椎板切除+固定融合術、前后聯合入路等[1]。對于連續型、多個節段(>3個)的頸椎OPLL的治療往往采用后路單開門手術或后路椎板切除+內固定融合手術,進行間接減壓。對于局限性的OPLL,相對于后路手術,前路椎體次全切去除鈣化后縱韌帶并固定融合,對脊髓能夠達到直接的更為充分的減壓效果,同時由于齒狀韌帶的作用,使神經根袖套更為貼近椎管腹側,因此對于神經根型頸椎病,前路手術對于神經根的減壓療效遠好于后路手術[2,3]。但是許多頸椎OPLL的病例中,腹側硬脊膜往往與鈣化的后縱韌帶粘連緊密,有時甚至硬脊膜本身出現鈣化[2]。因此術中去除鈣化的后縱韌帶時,極易造成硬脊膜撕裂、破損,導致CSF漏,有時甚至會導致脊髓或神經根的損傷,所以前路手術導致CSF漏風險遠高于后路手術[4~6]。因此在選擇前路手術方式時,術者必須考慮到CSF漏的風險,并在術前評估、術中操作、術后處理等多方面應對CSF漏[7~9]。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 2010年8月至2014年12月首都醫科大學宣武醫院神經外科收治的頸椎OPLL患者124例。其中男68例,女56例;年齡18~73歲;75例行前路椎體次全切,49例行椎體次全切+單間隙間盤摘除術。

1.2 方法 分析頸椎OPLL患者術中及術后發生CSF漏的處理方式及預后,總結前路手術并發CSF漏的處理策略。

2 結果

術中硬脊膜破損發生率為 5.6%(7/124),CSF漏發生率為3.2%(4/124)。7例硬脊膜破損患者中,寬基OPLL 2例,大于2節段OPLL的2例;硬脊膜破損、蛛網膜保持完整、無CSF流出3例,均采用自體脂肪結合纖維蛋白膠封堵;硬脊膜破損較小、合并CSF流出者采用自體脂肪結合纖維蛋白膠封堵;硬脊膜破損較大、合并CSF流出者采用術中顯微鏡下直接縫合修補。術中發生硬膜囊撕破、有CSF流出的患者,均留置術區硬膜外引流;硬脊膜破損、蛛網膜保持完整的患者未用術區硬膜外引流。CSF漏的患者均行腰池引流4~5天,其中1例在拔出腰池引流第2天后再次出現術區腫脹,予以二次腰池引流,保持10天后拔出,最終預后良好。隨訪顯示CSF漏患者最終預后均良好,未出現感染、腦膜炎、皮膚竇道等二次并發癥。

3 討論

對于頸椎病的治療,前路手術(椎間盤摘除、椎體次全切)作為一種直接有效的減壓方式被廣泛運用。頸椎前路手術出現硬脊膜破損,導致CSF漏的概率為0.5%~3%[10~13]。其中,OPLL手術出現CSF漏的概率更高,為4.3%~32%[5,13~19]。Hannallah等研究發現OPLL是CSF漏的主要原因,合并有OPLL的患者,經頸前手術減壓出現CSF漏的概率是無OPLL患者的13.7倍[11]。CSF漏可以繼發多種二次并發癥,包括腦膜炎、傷口延期愈合、氣道阻塞、皮膚竇道、假性腦膜膨出等。早期有效地處理CSF漏,可防止二次并發癥[12,17~22]。CSF處理有多種方式,包括術中直接縫合修補、使用凝膠海綿、脂肪、人工硬膜等材料,配合纖維蛋白膠進行修補,術后傷口硬膜外引流、腰池引流或腰穿、術區CSF腔隙-腹腔分流、腦室外引流以及腦室腹腔分流等[22~24]。更為重要的是術前對于發生CSF漏的可能性進行評估。術前影像學的表現極為重要,往往通過頸椎CT可發現鈣化的硬脊膜[2](圖1)。對于多個節段或基底較寬的后縱韌帶鈣化(圖2),術中發生CSF漏可能性極大。

圖1 頸部軸位CT

圖2 頸椎側位片 可見多節段的后縱韌帶鈣化,與硬膜囊粘連

因此,有術者在麻醉時先放置腰池引流,如果術中發生CSF漏,就打開腰池引流,這樣可迅速有效地減少CSF的溢出,從而幫助人工硬膜進行封粘貼修補,或直接縫合修補。對于難以分離的硬脊膜或鈣化的硬脊膜,可采用漂浮技術,盡量避免損傷硬脊膜。顯微鏡及高速磨鉆的應用,可減少硬脊膜破損概率,有助于防止CSF漏。術中直接修補一般需要在顯微鏡下進行,將破損的硬脊膜水密縫合,無疑是CSF漏的最佳處理方法,但是由于技術要求高,操作空間不足很難實施。Hannallah等[12]報道20例CSF漏的患者中只有5例能夠術中直接修補。研究顯示,CSF漏術中直接修補失敗率達到5%~10%。如果面對鈣化的硬脊膜,或者與鈣化的后縱韌帶粘連緊密,很難直接縫合修補。直接縫合修補容易失敗的另一原因是縫合后的針眼還可以流出CSF[2,18,25]。筆者曾試圖直接使用8~0縫合線直接修補,均以失敗告終,分析原因,主要由于破損往往在側方,很難有空間操作。纖維蛋白凝膠的使用在臨床上比較普遍,對于直接縫合的針眼及連接處建議用纖維蛋白膠加固。實驗室研究證實纖維蛋白凝膠在配合嚴密縫合后可以在術后抵抗較高的CSF壓力[26]。對于無法直接縫合修補的患者,若硬脊膜破損較小的可用脂肪及自體筋膜,配合纖維蛋白膠進行粘貼修補,若破損較大則可用人工硬膜配合纖維蛋白膠修補。纖維蛋白膠一般在術后5~7天吸收。因此,纖維蛋白膠只是在術后初期可以同人工硬膜或脂肪形成水密修補。在使用纖維蛋白膠時需要盡可能干燥的硬脊膜表面,吸引器盡量將CSF吸盡,如果術前已放置腰池引流,打開腰池引流將非常有助于纖維蛋白膠粘連。值得注意的是,由于纖維蛋白膠凝固后較硬,因此不能過多使用纖維蛋白膠,以免形成新的致壓物。對于CSF漏的術后處理最為常用的是腰池引流,可以直接有效地降低CSF壓力,減少CSF滲出,有利于硬脊膜的生長修復。由于硬脊膜的修復一般需要4~5天時間,因此建議術后腰池引流放置4~5天,引流量5~15 ml/h[27]。對于有條件的醫院建議在腰池引流中使用自動調節壓力和流量的泵,對于患者會相對安全。通?;颊咴谘匾鲿r,應當嚴格臥床休息,防止過度引流造成的低顱壓、小腦扁桃體下疝以及硬脊膜破損處壓力梯度增大。腰池引流需嚴格無菌操作,避免感染,可以預防性使用抗生素。大便軟化劑可常規使用,可以避免Valsalva動作導致CSF壓力梯度的巨大改變,從而破壞硬脊膜的修復。對于術后術區硬膜外引流目前存在一定爭議,對于CSF漏的患者,有學者不主張放置傷口深部引流,尤其是負壓吸引,擔心引流可能導致硬脊膜破損處CSF壓力差增大,不利于修復。筆者經驗,術區硬膜外引流有助于傷口滲液的排放,促進傷口愈合,以及便于觀察CSF漏的程度。腦室腹腔引流術或術腔硬膜外-腹腔分流術是最后的治療方案,是在所有治療手段都無效時才使用。由于分流手術存在潛在的風險,如感染、分流管阻塞、移位、過度分流或分流不足等,因此較少采用,筆者寧可選擇二次手術修補CSF漏[28]。

綜上所述,對于頸椎OPLL的前路手術,術前評估及手術技巧是減少CSF漏的關鍵。對于發生CSF漏的處理策略包含了術前影像學的判斷(是否術前即放置腰池引流),術中顯微鏡下直接縫合修補,或使用脂肪,筋膜或人工硬脊膜,配合纖維蛋白膠進行粘連修補,術后術區引流、腰池引流等。早期干預,及時處理會取的良好預后,減少二次并發癥的發生。

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The managements of intra-and postoperative CSF leakage of cervical surgery of OPLL

WUHao,QIMeng,JIANFeng-zeng

(XuanwuHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China)

Objective To discuss the managements of intra-and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage during cervical surgery of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL).Methods The authors reviewed the 124 cases of cervical surgery of OPLL from Aug.2010 to Dec.2014.Of these cases,75 cases underwent the anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) while 49 cases underwent the anterior cervical hybrid decompression and fusion (ACHDF) combined with corpectomy and discectomy.The data were summarized to identify the treatment options and outcomes for various situations.A treatment algorithm was identified based on these findings and the experiences of the authors.Results The incidence of CSF leakage after the operation was 3.2% (4/124).No special treatment for the cases just presented the dural tears but arachnoid was intact.These patients had a good prognosis and no CSF leakage. Patients with postoperative CSF leakage were repaired with fat or artificial dural mater with fibrin glue.The postoperative lumbar puncture and CSF drainage were performed for 4~5 days.All the end results were good.No patients with CSF leakage had the second complications such as concurrent meningitis or skin antrum.Conclusion Techniques for managements of CSF leakage including preventative measures,intra-operative dural repair with various materials,and postoperative drainage or shunt placement have all been used.Although direct dural repair is the preferred treatment for the CSF leakage,this technique is not always practically possible.Intra operative adjuncts combined with postoperative measures are an effective way to treat the CSF leakage for cervical myelopathy associated with OPLL.

Cervical OPLL;Anterior approach surgery;CSF leakage

吳 浩,男,博士,副主任醫師。中華醫學會脊柱脊髓分會委員,中國醫師協會神經外科分會委員,華人神經脊柱外科講師團秘書長。研究方向:脊柱退行性病變、脊髓腫瘤、椎體腫瘤、脊髓空洞、寰枕畸形等疾病的研究及治療。

R651.2

A

1672-6170(2015)03-0004-04

2015-01-22)

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