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Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用機理綜述

2016-03-24 02:58劉玉花朱偉麗劉震杰曹珍艷
現代食品 2016年1期
關鍵詞:精氨酸一氧化氮硝酸鹽

◎韓 奇,魏 冰,劉玉花,朱偉麗,劉震杰,曹珍艷

(1.北京康比特運動營養研究所,北京 100029;

2.威斯康辛大學醫學中心血管外科研究所,美國 威斯康辛州 53705)

Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用機理綜述

◎韓 奇1,魏 冰1,劉玉花1,朱偉麗1,劉震杰2,曹珍艷1

(1.北京康比特運動營養研究所,北京 100029;

2.威斯康辛大學醫學中心血管外科研究所,美國 威斯康辛州 53705)

一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)是維持所有正常身體機能的重要信號分子,提高血管內皮細胞NO水平有助加速血液循環,并有助于將氧氣和血液中的養分供給到身體四肢的中末端毛細血管,滋養骨骼肌。NO合成機理是通過一氧化氮合酶(Nitric Oxide Synthase,NOS)促進精氨酸(L-Arg)轉化為NO,以及腸-唾液腺的硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑產生NO。而通過血管內皮組織中一氧化氮合酶(Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase,eNOS)的作用,可以提高血管內皮組織中的NO的產生和釋放,達到使血管平滑肌放松和擴張血管的效果?;谧罱难芯?,撰寫了這篇NO食品保健品機理綜述。

一氧化氮補劑;食品;保健機理

1 NO的化學屬性特征

1.1 NO結構與性質

一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)在標準大氣壓和室溫下以無色的氣體形式存在。NO分子本身有一個不穩定的未配對的電子,NO也被認為是一種自由基(見圖1)。當機體受到病原體刺激時,巨噬細胞等免疫細胞的IL-1、NF-κB、IFN-γ及TNF-α等炎癥反應因子被激活,進而激發其iNOS的轉錄及活性,促進免疫細胞中誘導型NO的產生,而NO由于其自由基特性,可以抑制病原體的DNA合成,并誘導病原體雙鏈DNA斷裂[1]。

圖1 NO的化學結構式

一氧化氮合酶NOSs(EC1.14.13.39)有3種同工酶,分別為神經型(nNOS)、誘生型(iNOS)和內皮型(eNOS)。在安全范圍內,提高機體中NO水平會有如下作用: 1)由nNOS催化產生的NO通過提高神經細胞間的溝通,改善記憶、認知行為和睡眠;2)在病原體刺激下巨噬細胞上調iNOS轉錄,催化產生NO,可抑致病菌,抵御腫瘤發展;3)血管內皮細胞中由eNOS催化產生的NO可以擴張血管,降低血壓,降低血管外周阻力,緩解心絞痛,緩解動脈粥樣硬化/狹窄;4)提高機體NO可以提高運動耐力,并促進運動后恢復[2]。

1.2 NO機理的臨床應用

提高機體NO水平的保健品和藥品大都采用NO前體物質。硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油酯,Nitroglycerin)通過舌下含服可以迅速進入人體并代謝產生NO,激活鳥苷酸環化酶,增加細胞內環一磷酸鳥苷(cGMP)的含量,激活依賴于cGMP的蛋白酶,促使平滑肌細胞肌球蛋白輕鏈去磷酸化,胞漿Ca2+濃度降低,從而舒張血管、降低血壓,降低心臟泵血的后負荷(Afterload),降低血管剪切應力、緩解心絞痛[3]。硝酸甘油代謝有酶的途徑和非酶的途徑,而線粒體乙醛脫氫酶(mtALDH)在酶的代謝途徑中起了關鍵作用[4]。

吸入式NO氣體為極低濃度的NO,通過病人吸入使肺部血管平滑肌細胞放松,血管舒張,提高肺靜脈血流量,加快氧氣運輸,從而達到治療新生兒慢性肺血管高壓的目的[5,6]。需要注意的是,過度吸入NO氣體會導致高鐵血紅蛋白癥(血紅蛋白無法正常釋放氧氣)和肺部損傷。

Koboyashi等[7]報道了硝酸鹽含量豐富的食物緩解心血管疾病的作用,如心肌缺血、慢性肺梗阻(COPD)、腫瘤、動脈粥樣硬化、糖尿病和高血壓。Philip等[8]分析了127例透皮吸收硝酸甘油的病例發現,硝酸甘油使靜臥收縮壓在24 h內下降7.9 mm Hg(95% CI 0.1,15.8),并提高心率6.2 bpm(95% CI 2.7,9.8)。

2 提高機體NO水平的食品保健品原料分析

提高NO水平的途徑有L-Arg途徑和硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑。亞硝酸鹽長期被用來作為保存肉類食品的防腐劑,其可以有效抑制有害病菌(如肉毒桿菌)在肉類食品中的繁殖[9]。硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽本身并不致癌,但他們可以在體內轉化為N-亞硝胺(N-nitrosamine),而N-亞硝胺一直以來備受科學家的重視。一部分硝酸鹽亞亞硝酸鹽進入體內后可以轉化為亞硝胺,但這些亞硝胺不同于由尼古丁導致的N-亞硝基尼古?。∟-Nitrosonornicotine,NNN)等一類致癌物[10],由食物攝入的硝酸鹽轉化生成的亞硝胺化合物含量低,且不具有強致癌性[10-13]。一項WHO的報告稱采用100只Fisher 344大鼠的為期兩年的硝酸鈉膳食研究表明,服用硝酸鈉的實驗組患單核細胞白血病的概率比對照組降低,并且實驗組與對照組的癌癥發病率沒有顯著變化[14]。2007年,世界癌癥研究基金會、美國癌癥研究學會的報道稱,食用硝酸鹽豐富的綠葉蔬菜(每日500 g)沒有提高癌癥的發病率,相反還發現了很多益處[15],這可能是由于很多蔬菜中含有豐富的維生素C、多酚等物質抑制了內源性亞硝胺的生成[14]。

2.1 提高機體NO水平的氨基酸

2.1.1 L-精氨酸(L-Arg)

L-Arg是人身體產生NO的底物,可以在不同的一氧化氮合酶作用下分解,其化學反應方程式為L-Arg + 3/2 NADPH + H++ 2 O2?Citrulline + NO + 3/2 NADP+。eNOS存在于血管平滑肌細胞,可以促進血管平滑肌細胞放松,使血管擴張[2]。Dong等[16]的研究表明每日服用4~24 g的L-精氨酸可以通過擴張血管分別降低收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)為5.4、2.7 mm Hg。Huang等[17]試驗表明L-Arg可以提高老年大鼠的耐力、抵抗氧化損傷和抗炎癥反應,并且降低運動引起的乳酸堆積和尿酸堆積。Schaefer等[18]表明L-Arg可以降低運動導致的血乳酸(P<0.01)和血氨(P<0.01)堆積。McConell GK等[19]的研究表明,安靜時補充L-Arg可以增加血漿胰島素、生長激素、胰高血糖素、兒茶酚胺和催乳素水平。

2.1.2 L-瓜氨酸(L-Cit)和L-鳥氨酸(L-Orn)

氨與CO2通過以L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn為關鍵底物的反應方程生成尿素的過程叫做尿循環。三羧酸循環(TCA/Kreb cycle)被發現之前,Hans K.和Kurt H.就已經發現了尿循環可以使循環系統中的血氨和CO2合成為尿素,排出體外。運動時,線粒體通過Kreb Cycle產生ATP以及大量CO2,同時產生氨基。Hristina等[20]發現高強度訓練會產生一過性的高血氨癥狀,這可能是AMP在AMP脫氨酶(Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1)的作用下被分解為肌酐酸(Inosine Monophosphate,IMP)和游離的氨基。AmèleM等[21]研究表明最大耐力測試后98%的被試者高乳酸和高血氨癥狀在運動后第5~15 min內得到緩解。Ament等[22]研究表明,功率自行車遞增負荷運動同樣會導致血乳酸和血氨升高。Mutch等[23]闡述了血氨堆積可能是運動疲勞感產生的一個重要因素。Demura等[24]發現注射L-鳥氨酸鹽酸鹽的運動員在力竭性功率自行車測試后即刻和第15 min時血氨水平比空白對照組低。因此,可以通過提高尿循環底物的方法來促進運動終產物血氨和CO2生成尿素,達到緩解運動疲勞和提高運動耐力的目的。Erez[25]對尿循環和精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循環進行了較好的總結(見圖2)。

圖2 尿循環及精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循環通路

2.2 提高機體NO水平的純天然植物

菠菜和甜菜根的硝酸鹽含量較高,攝入人體后通過硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑可以提高體內NO水平,達到擴張血管和降低血壓的保健效果[26]。Jovanovski等[27]RCT實驗表明,通過7日菠菜帶來的高硝酸鹽膳食可以顯著降低收縮壓(P<0.01)。Lundberg等[28-30]的研究表明,蔬菜是日常人體硝酸鹽的最大供應源,部分硝酸鹽在口腔微生物和硝酸鹽還原酶的作用下轉化為亞硝酸鹽,未被舌下靜脈叢吸收的亞硝酸鹽在胃部的酸性環境中會迅速的轉化為NO及其他氮氧化合物,其余未被轉化的硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽在小腸中被吸收。通過歸納整理來自Pietro和Tamme的研究[31,32],可以發現火箭菜(Rocket)、瑞士甜菜(Swiss chard)、菠菜(Spinach)、生菜(Lettuce)、水蘿卜(Radish)、甘藍(Kohlrabi)、甜菜根(Beetroot)、葉菊苣(Leaf chicory)、中國白菜(Chinese cabbage)和芹菜(Celery)的硝酸鹽含量位居前十(見表1)。

3 分析與討論

L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn提升運動表現的報道很多。Yavuz等[33]發現運動前補充L-Arg可以提高男性摔跤運動員的耐力。Valgas等[34]研究表明大鼠補充L-Arg可以提高細胞代謝的NO/PGC-1a/mTFA通路,并且提高細胞內線粒體電子傳遞鏈(ETC)相關蛋白含量進而提高運動能力。Lomonosova等[35]表明L-Arg可以提高耐力并保護肌膜和肌纖維結構。Camic等[36]研究表明L-Arg可以提高被試者功率自行車上的耐力表現。Tekeda等[37]研究表明補充L-Cit可以顯著增加小鼠力竭性耐力運動時間,而運動引發的高血氨和高乳酸堆積的情況被緩解。Hickner等[38]證明L-Cit補劑可以提高耐力和胰島素功能。Sugino等[39]研究表明L-Orn或L-鳥氨酸鹽酸鹽可以降低疲勞感。Meneguello等[40]研究表明同時補充L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn的小鼠力竭性游泳運動后谷氨酰胺水平較高,而谷氨酰胺對緩沖運動產生的血氨有重要的作用。Zajac等[41]研究表明L-Arg和L-Orn補劑可以提高力量訓練后的生長激素(Growth Hormone)和一型胰島素樣生長因子(IGF-1)。然而,有些研究表明外源的L-Arg并不能提高運動成績。Sandbakk等[42]表明運動前48 h補充L-Arg和硝酸鹽補劑并不能提高高水平運動員的運動耐力。雖然張漓等[43,44]2003年對大鼠股外肌的研究表明,小劑量外源性L-Arg并不能提高NO水平和一氧化氮合酶活性,但是2007年對大鼠的L-Arg階梯對照實驗表明小劑量和大劑量外源性L-Arg均可以顯著提高股外肌NOS水平,并顯著降低血清CK。

表1 不同國家植物中硝酸鹽平均含量(mg/kg)

4 結論

雖然通過NO donor食品保健品原料提高運動能力有一定的科學依據,但尚未確鑿。因此,提高人體硝酸鹽水平和L-Arg水平的食品保健品的功效研究依舊不容忽視。

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[44]張漓,徐建方,馮連世,等.補充左旋精氨酸對耐力訓練大鼠股外肌抗氧化酶系的影響[J].中國運動醫學雜志,2007,26(3):308-312.

Nitric Oxide Donor Foods Mechanism Review

Han Qi1, Wei Bing1, Liu Yuhua1, Zhu Weili1, Liu Zhenjie2, Cao Zhenyan1
(1.Beijing Competitor Sport Nutrition Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China;2.Institute of Vascular Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, America Wisconsin 53705, America)

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule for normal functioning of the body. which could improve the vascular endothelial cell nitric oxide (no) level to help speed up the blood circulation, and help the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to upper and lower extremity capillaries that fuel the skeletal muscle. NO can be generated endogenously from L-arginine (L-Arg) under Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) catalyzed process andentero-saliva Nitrate-Nitrite-NO process. And through the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) can improve vascular endothelial NO production and release, reach the vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation effect. Based on the recent research, this paper has written a review of the NO food health care products.

Nitric Oxide Donor; Foods; Health Mechanism

TS218

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