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SST年循環對El Nio事件局地海氣過程的影響

2016-07-28 08:55李海燕張文君何金海王亞蘭
海洋學報 2016年1期

李海燕,張文君*,何金海,王亞蘭

(1.南京信息工程大學 氣象災害預報預警與評估協同創新中心 氣象災害教育部重點實驗室,江蘇 南京210044)

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李海燕1,張文君1*,何金海1,王亞蘭1

(1.南京信息工程大學 氣象災害預報預警與評估協同創新中心 氣象災害教育部重點實驗室,江蘇 南京210044)

摘要:利用Hadley中心逐月海表溫度、歐洲中心ERA-40的10 m風場及CMAP降水資料探討了年循環對熱帶太平洋El Ni?o海氣相互作用過程的影響。盡管El Ni?o對應的海表溫度異常主要出現在赤道東太平洋,經向上呈南北對稱分布,然而其對應的大氣響應在El Ni?o年衰減階段卻有著強的向南移動特征。在El Ni?o發展年的11月之前,強的西風和降水異常主要出現在赤道中太平洋;在12月份之后,赤道上的西風和降水異常迅速南移至5°S,隨后西風一直維持在該位置直至衰亡。同時,西太平洋負降水和反氣旋異常向北移動。這種SST異常與其大氣響應的經向移動不一致,主要是由熱帶中太平洋氣候態SST的季節性南移導致的。由于對流與海溫之間存在非線性關系,即當總SST超過一定的閾值,對流降水才會迅速增強;因此相應的對流響應也隨著總海溫的南移而南移,風場響應也同時南移。此外,南半球增強的對流會通過經向環流進一步抑制北半球的降水,從而使西太平洋負降水和反氣旋異常增強并北移。通過分析有/無年循環的兩組數值試驗結果驗證了上述結論,即有年循環的試驗較真實地模擬出了觀測中異常西風南移和西北太平洋反氣旋異常的出現;無年循環試驗盡管能模擬出El Ni?o年赤道中太平洋的西風異常,但其卻沒有南北向的移動,西北太平洋的反氣旋也沒有出現。因此,熱帶中太平洋氣候態暖海溫的季節循環對El Ni?o事件大氣響應有著至關重要的作用。

關鍵詞:El Ni?o;年循環;大氣響應南移

1引言

自從Bjerknes[9]把大尺度海氣相互作用聯系起來形成ENSO現象的概念后,大氣和海洋科學家圍繞ENSO的觀測特征、循環機理和可預報性等開展了廣泛的研究[10—13]。過去幾十年,對于ENSO海氣相互作用過程,尤其是ENSO循環機理的物理解釋逐步趨于完善[14—25]。Bjerknes[9]最早提出的正反饋理論很好地解釋了ENSO發展階段海表溫度(SST)距平快速增長的機理,但是不能解釋ENSO冷、暖事件的循環發生。20世紀80年代延遲振子理論[15]引入了負反饋機制來解釋El Nio和La Nia事件之間的循環,其機理主要考慮了熱帶海洋波動在ENSO循環中的作用。在海氣耦合過程中,熱帶海洋受到異常西風強迫時,除了激發向東的暖性Kelvin波,同時也產生向西傳播的冷性Rossby波,這種冷性Rossby波傳至西太平洋沿岸,反射成為冷性Kelvin東傳,冷性Kelvin波將赤道西太平洋的冷異常信號帶到赤道中東太平洋,導致El Nio事件的終止,La Nia事件的發展。然而有學者指出太平洋西邊界并不存在一個嚴格意義上的剛壁邊界[26—27],因此Rossby波的反射也不一定成立。在此基礎上,Jin[17—18]提出了充放電(熱)振子理論。根據Sverdrup理論,在El Nio時期,赤道太平洋的西風異常會產生從赤道向兩極的經向質量輸送,將赤道地區暖水向赤道外輸送,從而使得赤道溫躍層不斷抬升變淺,當其深度淺于氣候態時,異常冷的次表層海溫通過東太平洋上翻作用使得SST降低并轉為負距平,根據Bjerknes正反饋理論,此SST負距平將會快速增強,最終形成La Nia事件,反之亦然。后來的一些研究引入了其他的負反饋機制作為補充,使得ENSO循環理論得到不斷地完善[19—20]。

盡管ENSO的循環機理已被很好地解釋,但是由于ENSO的復雜性和多變性[11,28—29],人們對ENSO的認識仍在很多方面有待加強。例如,過去對ENSO經向尺度特征及其作用機理一直都沒有很好地理解,最近幾年的研究發現,ENSO經向尺度存在著冷暖事件的不對稱性和顯著的年代際變化特征,并從理論上解釋了這個觀測的特征[30—33]。ENSO緯向位置也發生了明顯的變異,一類新的El Nio事件在觀測中被發現,其中心不像傳統的El Nio處于赤道東太平洋,而是位于赤道中太平洋日界線附近[34—42]。這類新的El Nio事件引起的氣候異常與傳統事件差異顯著,有些區域甚至相反[43—55]。盡管兩類El Nio的存在已被科學界接受,然而La Nia是否也可分為兩類,目前仍有爭議[56—62]。

ENSO現象中還存在著一個目前未被很好理解的現象,那就是ENSO季節鎖相問題。一般而言,El Nio事件通常開始于北半球春季或者夏季,在秋季、冬季達到成熟,于第二年春季快速衰減。ENSO顯著的季節鎖相現象說明ENSO變率與季節循環存在著強的相互作用。盡管一些可能的機理被嘗試用來解釋ENSO的季節鎖相問題,如赤道太平洋海洋波動的季節增幅[63]和熱帶西北太平洋大氣響應的負反饋機制[64],但目前對于ENSO季節鎖相的物理機制仍不清楚。伴隨著El Nio的衰亡,對應于El Nio異常暖海溫的赤道中太平洋西風異常迅速移動至赤道以南5°S左右,這一觀測事實早在20世紀80年代就被發現[65—66]。這種西風異常南移主要與西太平洋背景暖海表溫度隨著太陽輻射的季節性南移相關[67—72]。許多工作指出El Nio年西風異常的南移現象是El Nio迅速衰亡的一個主要原因[67,70—71,73—75]。南移的異常西風使得赤道上的西風異常減弱,從而有利于赤道溫躍層向正常狀態調整,使得赤道東太平洋的海表溫度異??焖傧?。El Nio年西風異常南移現象能被赤道表面風經驗正交函數分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function)的第二模態所反映,與第一模態(即ENSO模態)相互獨立[70—71,76];觀測的頻譜分析和數值試驗已證明,異常西風南移模態是由ENSO相關的變率和熱帶太平洋暖海溫季節循環的非線性相互作用而產生[71—72]。由此可見,熱帶太平洋背景暖海溫年循環對El Nio海氣過程的緯向風有重要的影響,這不僅影響著與El Nio相關的海氣相互作用,而且會通過遙相關影響全球尺度的氣候異常。

為了進一步探索年循環在ENSO相關的海氣異常中所起的作用,我們將通過觀測和數值試驗來研究熱帶太平洋SST年循環的季節移動是如何影響El Nio所對應的大氣響應過程,并著重討論對熱帶太平洋局地海氣過程中風場和降水場的影響。本文首先通過對觀測資料的診斷分析來揭示熱帶中太平洋地區海表溫度異常和相應的大氣環流異常的南移現象,再利用GFDL AM2.1大氣模式設計有/無年循環作用的兩組試驗來探討熱帶太平洋SST季節性移動對El Nio局地海氣相互作用過程的影響。

2資料和方法

2.1資料

本文所用資料包括:(1)英國Hadley中心提供的月平均海表溫度(HadISST)資料[77],水平分辨率為1°×1°;(2)歐洲中心(The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的ERA-40月平均10 m風場[78],水平分辨率為2.5°×2.5°;(3)NOAA的CPC (Climate Prediction Center) CMAP (Merged Analysis of Precipitation)月平均降水資料[79],分辨率為2.5°×2.5°。除了降水資料時間為1979年1月至2001年12月外,其他資料時間跨度皆取1961年1月至2001年12月。

2.2模式介紹與試驗設計

AM2.1全球大氣模式是地球動力試驗室GFDL(Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory)為氣候研究和預測而發展的地球系統模式中的大氣模式,該模式集成了過去GFDL所用的模型,它包含了新的格點大氣動力核[81]。模式垂直方向上采用混合坐標,由近地的sigma坐標逐漸轉為250 hPa以上的p坐標,垂直分為24層,最低層約為30 m,近地面(低于1.5 km)有9層。高層分辨率較粗,對流層上部間隔約2 km,平流層有5層,模式頂氣壓為3 hPa,水平分辨率(lat×lon)為2°×2.5°。此模式已被應用到大量的海氣相互作用的研究當中,并且能較好地模擬出東亞季風及ENSO相關的大氣異常結構[71,82]。

(1)第一組試驗,記為EX_AC(有年循環試驗):替換了熱帶海洋地區(20°S~20°N)的海表溫度,該地區的海溫是在氣候態海表溫度上疊加與ENSO變率相關的海表溫度異常(SSTA),ENSO相關的SSTA是由基于表征ENSO事件強度的Nio3.4指數獲得,具體是把1961-2001年月平均Nio3.4指數回歸到熱帶地區,得到的回歸系數乘以標準化的Nio3.4指數,那么所得到的月平均SSTA就是ENSO相關的海溫變率。注意,這里的氣候態海溫是包含季節循環的,而熱帶外僅采用氣候態海溫強迫模式。

(2)第二組試驗,記為EX_NO_AC(無年循環試驗):熱帶海洋地區的海表溫度只包含ENSO相關的SSTA,而沒有與年循環相關的氣候態海溫。同第一組敏感性試驗不一樣的是,把氣候態海溫固定在9月份(9月份太陽直射點在赤道上,赤道中太平洋日界線附近海溫呈近似赤道對稱分布),此時,熱帶太平洋的海溫沒有季節變化特征,只包含ENSO相關的海溫變率。

再次說明的是,兩組試驗中唯一不同的是熱帶海洋地區SST有/無季節變化,那么模式中大氣環流的差異即由SST年循環季節移動引起,因此可以通過對比兩組試驗來研究海溫年循環對El Nio局地海氣相互作用的影響。

圖1 El Nio事件合成的中太平洋(160°E~160°W)海表溫度距平(a)(單位:℃)、緯向10 m風場距平(b)(矢量,陰影為西風異常大小,單位:m/s)和降水距平(c)(單位:mm/d)的緯度-時間的季節演變(橫坐標表示El Nio當年7月至翌年7月)Fig.1 Composite latitude-time seasonal evolution of SST anomalies (a) (unit: ℃),10 m wind anomalies (b) (shading indicates westerly wind anomalies,unit: m/s),and precipitation anomalies (c) (unit: mm/d) over the central Pacific (160°E-160°W) during the El Nio events. The abscissa indicates a period from July of year 0 to July of year 1

圖2 El Nio事件合成的當年9-12月平均(a)和翌年1-4月平均(b)的10 m風場距平(矢量,通過90%顯著性檢驗,單位:m/s)、降水距平(等值線,間隔為1 mm/d,零線省略;單位:mm/d)及海表溫度距平(陰影,單位:℃)的空間分布 Fig.2 El Nio composite SST anomalies (shading in ℃),precipitation anomalies (black contours at intervals of 1 mm/d with zero contours omitted),and 10 m wind anomalies (vector in m/s,shown when westerly and easterly anomalies exceeding the 90% confidence level) for September(0) to December(0) (a) and January(1) to April(1) (b) average

季節演變(圖1)和空間季節差異(圖2)一致表明了El Nio年海表溫度異常和其大氣響應場在經向移動上的差異。有關El Nio年冬末的西風異常南移現象早在20世紀80年代就被注意[66]。但西太平洋也存在著負降水和反氣旋異常往北的移動并沒有被注意到,西太平洋負降水異常的北移對東亞的影響很大,因為中國正處于其西北側,對應負異常降水的反氣旋異常有利于熱帶洋面上的暖濕水汽往東亞輸送。盡管局地的海氣相互作用有利于增強反氣旋異常[82],最近一些工作指出反氣旋是伴隨著中太平洋異常西風南移而出現的[71-72],我們在下一部分的數值試驗也支持這一觀點。

然而,有一個科學問題有待解決,那就是為什么經向分布對稱的異常海溫強迫出來的大氣異常場卻有南北向的移動,尤其在El Nio年翌年的冬末春初,大氣異常響應場的中心移到了5°S有研究指出這種南移現象是由于背景暖海溫隨著太陽的季節南移引起的[67,70-71,73—75]。為了尋求背景暖海溫季節南移如何引起El Nio翌年1-4月西風及降水異常的南移,首先查看一下熱帶中太平洋地區1961-2001年平均氣候態海表溫度的經向分布季節演變特征(圖3a)。從圖3a中可以看出,熱帶中太平洋平均的氣候態高海溫在1-4月份位于赤道以南(5°~10° S),赤道以南的區域基本都超過了28℃,中心達到了29℃,而赤道以北區域海表溫度基本低于28℃。從5月份開始,隨著太陽加熱不斷向北移動,中太平洋赤道以北區域海表溫度不斷增加,最大值出現在9-10月份5°~10° N之間,海表溫度超過28.5℃;南半球海溫有所減小,但是海表溫度最低也能超過28℃,在9-10月海表溫度基本上成赤道對稱分布;10月以后暖海溫中心又向南移動。這種海溫的南北季節移動特征是由于太陽直射點的季節性移動引起的。1-4月太陽直射點位于南半球時,使得熱帶中太平洋氣候態SST也從北半球移到赤道以南,這也是一年中南北海溫非對稱最強的季節,這與El Nio翌年1-4月西風及降水異常明顯南移的季節一致。對選取的6次強El Nio事件熱帶中太平洋海表溫度合成(圖3b)發現,El Nio發展年7-10月,赤道南北半球都出現了高海溫(大于29℃);而隨著季節推進,高海溫區不斷地向南移動,El Nio年翌年的1月份后穩定在南半球,直至衰減。其中在El Nio次年1-4月份,赤道南北海溫非對稱性最顯著,此時赤道以北的海溫最低,28.5℃高海溫區被限制在5° N 以南。結合圖1a,由于異常海溫在El Nio發生發展和消亡的過程中,一直都呈現出南北對稱分布,因此,圖3b中暖海溫南移主要是由背景氣候態海表溫度季節性南移導致的。

圖3 熱帶中太平洋地區(160°E~160°W)氣候態SST(a)和El Nio事件合成SST(b)緯度-時間演變(單位:℃)(橫坐標表示El Nio當年7月至翌年7月)Fig.3 Latitude-time seasonal evolution of the climatological SST (a) (unit:℃) and the composite of SST(b) (unit: ℃) during El Nio events over the Central Pacific (160°E—160°W). The abscissa indicates a month period from July of year 0 to July of year 1

圖4 赤道中太平洋(2°S~2°N,160°E~160°W)海表溫度(單位:℃)與降水異常(單位:mm/d)的散點圖(a);圖(b)同(a),但為SST與西風異常(單位:m/s) Fig.4 Scatter plot of the SST (unit: ℃) and precipitation anomalies (unit: ℃) over the Central Pacific (2°S—2°N,160°E—160°W)(a); (b) same as in (a),but for the mean SST and westerly anomalies (unit: m/s)

和西風異常都有著顯著的線性關系,相關系數都超過了0.7(通過95%顯著性檢驗),說明下界面的海溫越高,赤道中太平洋對流越強、西風異常越顯著。從海表溫度和對流異常的散點圖中可以看到它們的關系更是呈一個拋物線的關系(圖4a中已給出了二次擬合線)。降水異常隨海表溫度增長的關系表明,其增長速率大概分為兩個部分,在小于28.6℃左右,降水異?;径际秦撝?,對流受抑制;同時其斜率較小,表明隨海溫增加對流增加的幅度較小。而一旦超過這個閾值,降水異?;径际钦惓?;同時對流隨海溫增加的幅度大大增大,基本呈非線性快速增長(圖4a)。正是由于總SST與對流的非線性關系,也就是對流不僅決定于SSTA也決定于總的SST,造成了對流降水隨著總的SST南移。結合圖3b,在El Nio年大于28.6℃海表溫度處于5°N以南區域,南半球海溫都超過了29℃,因此正異常降水向南移動(圖1c),且中心對應南半球的高海溫區。圖4a中負降水異常出現在海溫低于28.6℃區域,對應赤道以北區域出現的負降水異常。值得注意的是,由于異常降水的南移,使得對流出現非對稱性,南半球增強的對流會通過經向環流進一步抑制北半球的降水,從而使得赤道5°N以北降水負異常進一步增強(圖1c)。風場異常與海表溫度的關系也表現了與降水異常類似的特征(圖4b),當降水異常南移的時候風場也一起跟著南移(圖1b)。

4數值試驗的結果

以上的觀測分析揭示了ENSO相關的大氣響應場在其成熟后顯著南移是由于西太平洋暖海溫的季節移動引起的。為了進一步證實這些觀測的結果,我們用大氣環流模式進行敏感性試驗來探索年循環對El Nio局地海氣過程的影響。所用模式為美國NOAA的GFDL新一代大氣環流模式AM2.1,在本文第二部分的資料與模式中我們己經對該模式和實驗設計進行了介紹。

圖5給出了兩組試驗中用到的ENSO相關的異常海溫,此異常海溫是由Nio3.4指數回歸到熱帶太平洋海溫場得到。其空間分布為東正西負的El Nio海溫分布型,即中東太平洋為正的異常海溫,中心強度達到1℃;西太平洋地區為負海溫異常,其強度僅為-0.2℃左右。從圖中可以看出,異常海表溫度基本呈現經向赤道對稱分布。進一步,把Nio3.4指數回歸得到的系數乘以標準化月平均Nio3.4指數所得到的海溫變率加入到氣候態海表溫度中,作為大氣模式的下界面強迫大氣,對模式積分41年(1961-2001年)。第二組試驗與第一組試驗一致,只是去掉海表溫度年循環變化,可見他們下界面都包括了ENSO相關的海表溫度異常信息,差異僅是有無年循環。

圖5 1961-2001年Nio3.4指數回歸的熱帶太平洋地區海表溫度空間分布Fig.5 SST anomalies regressed upon the Nio3.4 index for the period 1961 to 2001

圖6 熱帶中太平洋地區(160°E~160°W) EX_AC(a)和EX_NO_AC(b)試驗中El Nio事件合成的海表溫度緯度-時間分布(單位:℃)(橫坐標表示El Nio當年4月至翌年7月) Fig.6 Composite latitude-time seasonal evolution of the SST (unit:℃) over the central Pacific (160°E—160°W) during El Nio events for EX_AC(a),EX_NO_AC (b). The abscissa indicates a month period from A-pril of year 0 to July of year 1

圖7 熱帶中太平洋地區(160°E~160°W) EX_AC(a)和EX_NO_AC(b)試驗模擬結果的El Nio事件合成10 m風場距平緯度-時間演變(陰影為緯向風距平值,單位:m/s)(橫坐標表示El Nio當年7月至翌年7月) Fig.7 Composite latitude-time seasonal evolution of the mean 10 m wind anomalies (shading indicates westerly wind anomalies,unit: m/s) over the central Pacific (160°E—160°W) during El Nio events for EX _AC (a),EX_NO_AC(b). The abscissa indicates a month period from July of year 0 to July of year 1

圖8 El Nio當年9-12月平均(a、c)與翌年1-4月平均(b、d)合成的風場距平(矢量,通過90%顯著性檢驗,單位:m/s)和降水距平(陰影,單位:mm/d)的空間分布;a、b為EX_AC試驗模擬結果,c、d為EX_NO_AC試驗模擬結果(橫坐標表示El Nio當年7月至翌年7月)Fig.8 Composited surface wind anomalies (vector in m/s,shown when westerly and easterly anomalies exceeding the 90% confidence level) and precipitation anomalies (shading in mm/d) during the El Nio events for the EX_AC experiment (a,c),(a) September-December and (b) January-April average. (c,d) Same as in (a,c),but for EX_NO_AC. The abscissa indi-cates a month period from July of year 0 to July of year 1

5結論和討論

本文利用Hadley環流中心逐月海表溫度、歐洲中心ERA-40的10 m風場及CMAP降水資料,討論了年循環對ENSO局地海氣相互過程的影響。并結合AM2.1模式兩組敏感性試驗探討了SST年循環在ENSO局地海氣過程中的重要作用。

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收稿日期:2015-02-13;

修訂日期:2015-07-21。

基金項目:國家重點基礎研究發展計劃973項目(2012CB417403);公益性行業(氣象)科研專項(GYHY 201506013,GYHY201406022);江蘇省研究生培養創新工程(CXZZ13_0505),江蘇省高?!扒嗨{工程”。

作者簡介:李海燕(1983—),女,廣西壯族自治區大新縣人,博士,研究方向為ENSO動力學與海氣相互作用。E-mail:ncl_talk@126.com *通信作者:張文君(1979—),男,教授,主要從事ENSO動力學、海陸氣相互作用等方面研究。E-mail:zhangwj@nuist.edu.cn

中圖分類號:P732.6

文獻標志碼:A

文章編號:0253-4193(2016)01-0056-13

Influence of SST annual cycle on local air-sea processes during El Nio events

Li Haiyan1,Zhang Wenjun1,He Jinhai1,Wang Yalan1

(1.CollaborativeInnovationCenteronForecastandEvaluationofMeteorologicalDisasters,KeyLaboratoryofMeteorologicalDisasterofMinistryofEducation,NanjingUniversityofInformationScience&Technology,Nanjing210044,China)

Abstract:Influence of annual cycle on the local air-sea processes during El Ni?o events is investigated based on the Hadley Centre (HadISST1) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis data,10 m wind data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-40 reanalysis and the CMAP precipitation data. In the observation,SST anomalies associated with El Ni?o over the equatorial eastern Pacific are meridionally quasi-symmetric about the equator. However,corresponding atmospheric responses display a strong southward movement during the El Ni?o decaying phase. During the El Ni?o developing phase (largely before November),almost meridionally symmetric zonal wind and precipitation anomalies are observed over the equatorial central Pacific. After the El Ni?o peak month (about December),the equatorial westerly and precipitation anomalies shift rapidly southward with a center at about 5°S. Then the zonal wind anomalies stay there till the El Ni?o’s termination. Meanwhile,negative precipitation and anticyclonic anomalies over the western Pacific shift northward. The inconsistence of the meridional movements of the El Ni?o SST anomalies and the associated atmospheric responses is mainly due to seasonally southward displacement of background warm SSTs along with the seasonal march of solar insolation. There is nonlinear relationship between convection and overall SST. That is,convective precipitation will be rapidly enhanced when total SST exceeds a certain threshold. Thus the corresponding convection anomalies are also displaced southward along with the southward shift of the SST and the zonal wind anomaly also appears south of the equator. In addition,the precipitation over northern hemisphere will be further suppressed due to the enhanced convection in southern hemisphere trough the meridional circulation,which can enhance the negative rainfall and anticyclone anomalies in the western Pacific and move northward. These observed analyses are supported by two experiments with and without considering the annual cycle. Southward shifts of the westerly anomalies and anticyclonic anomalies over the western North Pacific during the El Ni?o decaying phase are well simulated by the experiment with the annual cycle. However,these observed phenomena are not reproduced by the experiment without consideration of the annual cycle. Therefore,the annual cycle of climatological warm SSTs over the central Pacific plays a crucial role on the local atmospheric responses during the El Ni?o events.

Key words:El Ni?o; annual cycle; southward shift of atmospheric response

李海燕,張文君,何金海,等. SST年循環對El Nio事件局地海氣過程的影響[J]. 海洋學報,2016,38(1): 56-68,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.01.006

Li Haiyan,Zhang Wenjun,He Jinhai,et al. Influence of SST annual cycle on local air-sea processes during El Nio events[J]. Haiyang Xuebao,2016,38(1): 56-68,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2016.01.006

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