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川芎的化學成分與藥理作用研究進展

2017-12-26 01:43韓煒
中國現代中藥 2017年9期
關鍵詞:藥理類化合物酚酸

韓煒

(國家食品藥品監督管理總局 藥品審評中心,北京 100038)

·綜述·

川芎的化學成分與藥理作用研究進展

韓煒*

(國家食品藥品監督管理總局 藥品審評中心,北京 100038)

川芎為傘形科植物川芎LigusticumchuanxiongHort的干燥根莖,是一味常用的活血行氣藥,其化學成分包含苯酞及其二聚體、生物堿、有機酸酚、多糖以及腦苷脂和神經酰胺等類化合物。川芎中的活性成分對心腦血管系統、神經系統、呼吸系統等都具有多方面的藥理活性。本文系統綜述川芎有效成分和藥理方面的研究進展,為今后川芎的研究開發提供參考。

川芎;苯酞類;生物堿類;有機酚酸類;藥理作用

川芎為傘形科植物川芎LigusticumchuanxiongHort的干燥根莖,主產于四川省彭州、都江堰等地,為川產道地藥材之一,其性溫,味辛,歸肝經、膽經、心包經,有活血行氣、祛風止痛之功能?!渡褶r本草經》將其列為上品,稱其“主中風入腦頭痛,寒痹,筋攣緩急,金創,婦女閉血無子”;《名醫別錄》載其可治療“心腹堅痛,中惡,卒急腫痛,脅風痛,齒根出血”;《藥性論》補錄“活腰腳軟弱,半身不遂,主胞衣不出”;《中華人民共和國藥典》收載其為“活血行氣,祛風止痛。用于胸痹心痛,胸脅刺痛,跌撲腫痛,月經不調,經閉痛經,癥瘕腹痛,頭痛,風濕痹痛”,可見川芎入藥歷史悠久,臨床應用廣泛。本文對川芎的化學成分及其藥理作用進行綜述,以期為川芎的臨床應用、新產品研究與開發提供依據。

1 川芎的化學成分

目前從川芎中分離得到的化學成分包含苯酞及其二聚體、生物堿、有機酸、多糖以及腦苷脂和神經酰胺等類成分,其中苯酞類化合物是其主要化學成分。

1.1 苯酞類化合物

苯酞類化合物是傘形科藥用植物的特征性成分之一,主要存在藁本屬、當歸屬、歐當歸屬、蛇床屬、山芎屬等植物中。苯酞類化合物也是川芎中的一種主要活性化合物,其主要包括兩類,一類是含有一個苯酞母核結構的苯酞單量體化合物;另一類是含有兩個苯酞母核結構的苯酞二聚體化合物。從20世紀80年代到目前為止,有研究[1-21]從川芎藥材中大約分離鑒定70余個苯酞類化合物,其中包括苯酞類單體化合物(化合物1~42)和苯酞類二聚體化合物(化合物43~68)。苯酞單體類化合物分別為:Z-藁本內酯(Z-ligustilide,1);E-藁本內酯(E-ligustilide,1a);洋川芎內酯A~N、Q~S(senkyunolides A~N、Q~S,2~18);正丁基苯酞(butylphthalide,19);Z-丁烯基苯酞(Z-butylidenephthalide,20);3-丁烯基-7-羥基苯酞(3-butylidene-7-hydroxyphthalide,21);4-羥基-3-丁基苯酞(4-hydroxy-3-butylphthalide,22);4,7-二羥基-3丁基苯酞(4,7-dihydroxy-3-butylphthalide,23);川芎內酯(cnidilide,24);新蛇床內酯(neocnidilide,25);Z-6,7-環氧藁本內酯(Z-6,7-epoxyligustilide,26);3-羧乙基-苯酞(3-carboxyrthyl-phthalide,27);chuanxiongnolide R1(28);chuanxiongnolide R2(29);3-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6,7-dihydroxy-3-butylphthalide(30);6-羥基洋川芎內酯B(6-hydroxy-senkyunolide B,31);川芎苷A(chuanxiongoside A,32);川芎苷B(chuanxiongoside B,33);celephthalide A(34);藁本內酯苷A(ligusticoside A,35);藁本內酯苷B(ligusticoside B,36);(+)-chuanxiongin A(37);(-)-chuanxiongin A(37a);chuanxiongins B~F(38~42),結構見圖1。

圖1 川芎中苯酞單體類化合物的結構

苯酞類二聚體化合物分別為:洋川芎內酯O(senkyunolide O,43);洋川芎內酯P(senkyunolide P,44);歐當歸內酯A(levistolide A,45);tokinolide B(46);ansaspirolide(47);3,8-二氫雙藁本內酯(3,8-dihydrodiligustilide,48);riligustilide(49);Z,Z′-6,8′,7,3-雙藁本內酯(Z,Z′-6,8′,7,3′-diligustilide,50);新當歸內酯(angelicide,51);Z,Z′-3,3′,8,8′-雙藁本內酯(Z,Z′-3,3′,8,8′ -diligustilide,52);Z-藁本內酯二聚體(Z-ligustilide dimer E-232,53);chuanxiongnolide A(54);chuanxiongnolide B(55);川芎萘呋內酯(wallichilide,56);chuanxiongdiolide A(57);chuanxiongdiolide B(58);chuanxiongdiolide R1(59);chuanxiongdiolide R2(60);chuanxiongnolides L1-L5(61~65);3,6,8,3a-二聚藁本內酯(3,6,8,3a-diligustilide,66);Z,Z-6′,6,7,3′a-二聚藁本內酯(Z,Z′-6,8′,7,3′-diligustilide,67);Z′-3,8-二氫-6,6′,7,3′a-二聚藁本內酯(Z′-3,8-dihydro-6,6′,7,3′a-diligustilide,68);(3′Z)-(3S,8S,3a′S,6′R)-4,5-dehydro-3.3a′,8.6′-diligustilide(69);(3′Z)-(3S,8R,3a′S,6′R)-4,5-dehydro-3.3a′,8.6′-diligustilide(70);chuanxiongdiolide R3(71),其結構見圖2。

圖2 川芎中苯酞二聚體類化合物的結構

1.2 有機酚酸類化合物

有機酚酸類是川芎中的一種主要特征性成分,《中華人民共和國藥典》規定干燥的川芎中阿魏酸(ferulic acid)含量不得少于0.10%。阿魏酸也是有機酚酸中的有效成分,到目前為止,共鑒定19個有機酚酸類[13-22]化合物,分別為阿魏酸(ferulic acid,72);咖啡酸(caffeic acid,73);原兒茶酸(protocatechuic acid,74);對羥基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,75);香草酸(vanillic acid,76);香草醛(vanillin,77);瑟丹酸(sedanonic acid,78);沒食子酸(gallic acid,79);大黃酚(chrysophanol,80);3-甲氧基-4-羥基苯乙烯(3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyrene,81);1-羥基-1-[3-甲氧基-4-羥苯基]乙烷(1-hydroxy-1-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane,82);綠原酸(chlorogenic acid,83);阿魏酸松柏酯(coniferyl ferulate,84);5-羥甲基-6-內-3-甲氧基-4-羥苯基-8-氧雜雙環[3.2.1]辛-3-烯-2-酮(5-hydroxymethyl-6-endo-3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-8-oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-one,85);葉酸(folic acid,86);棕櫚酸(palmitinic acid,87);亞油酸(linoleic acid,88);芥子酸(sinapic acid,89);ligubenzocycloheptanone A(90),其結構式見圖3。

圖3 川芎中有機酚酸類化合物的結構

1.3 生物堿類化合物

從川芎中分離得到11個生物堿類化合物[3-4,17],其中川芎嗪(tetramethylpyrazine)為川芎中特征性生物堿,這些生物堿分別為:川芎嗪(tetramethylpyrazine,91);L-異丁基-L纈氨酸酐(L-isobutyl-L-valine anhydride,92);L-纈氨酸-L纈氨酸酐(L-valine-L-valine anhydride,93);尿嘧啶(uracil,94);腺嘌呤(adenine,95);三甲胺(trimethylamine,96);膽堿(choline,97);1-乙?;?β-卡啉(1-acetyl-β-carboline,98);1-β-丙烯酸乙酯基-7-醛基-β-卡啉(1-β-ethylacrylate-7-aldehydo-β-carboline,99);黑麥草堿(pelolyrine,100);腺苷(adenosine,101),其結構見圖4。

1.4 神經酰胺和腦苷脂類化合物

2009年,Yang等[23]從川芎中分離得到3個神經酰胺類化合物(102~104)和2個腦苷脂類化合物(105和106),其中化合物102和103是新的神經酰胺類化合物,這些化合物分別為:(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1,3,4-trihydroxypentadec-8-en-2-yl]heptacosanamide(102);(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-{(3S,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-[(4E)-undec-4-en-1-yl]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl}heptacosanami de(103);(2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-8-en-2-yl]tetracosanamide(104);(2R)-N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxydodeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxydocosanamide(105);(2R)-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxyoctadec-8-en-2-yl]-2-hydroxyhexadecanamide(106),其結構見圖5。

圖4 川芎中生物堿類化合物的結構

圖5 川芎中神經酰胺和腦苷脂類化合物的結構

1.5 多糖類化合物

范智超等[24]采用DEAE-纖維素柱色譜和凝膠滲透色譜從川芎中得到4個均一多糖組分LCP-1、LCP-2、LCP-3和LCP-4,其相對分子質量分別為3.1×104、5.2×104、9.0×104、3.6×104。Yuan J F等[25]從川芎中也分離得到3個多糖組分LCA、LCB、LCC。

1.6 其他類化合物

除了以上成分,川芎還含有其他成分。Nie等[26]從川芎中分離得到化合物東莨菪內酯(scopoletin,107);大豆苷元(daidzein,108);二十四烷酸(lignoceric acid,109);紫云英苷(astragalin,111);金色酰胺醇酯(aurantiamide acetate,112);過氧化麥角甾醇(ergosterol peroxide,113)。Li等[10]首次從川芎中分離得到化合物淫羊藿次苷(icariside F2,110);Miao等[7]從川芎中分離得到化合物菜油甾-4-烯-3-酮(campest-4-en-3-one,114)和(-)-alloaromadendrane-4β,10α,13,15-tetrol(117);肖永慶等[15]從川芎中分離得到一個新的川芎三萜化合物xiongterpene(115),另外還有化合物4-pentylcyclohex-3-ene-1α,2β-diol(116)[6]和孕甾烯醇酮(118)progesterone[16],這些化合物的結構見圖6。

圖6 川芎中其他類化合物的結構

2 川芎的藥理作用

川芎具有活血行氣、散瘀止痛、祛風燥濕的功能,屬于“血中之氣藥”?,F代藥理研究表明,川芎中的活性成分對心腦血管系統、神經系統、呼吸系統以及肝、腎等都具有多方面的藥理活性。

2.1 苯酞類化合物的藥理作用

苯酞類化合物具有廣泛的藥理作用,包括調節心腦血管系統和神經系統,舒張平滑肌,抑制平滑肌細胞增殖,抑制學習記憶力損傷,誘導血紅素氧合酶-1的表達以及抗菌、抗真菌和抗病毒等活性[27-31]。Z-藁本內酯(1)被認為是這些苯酞類化合物中主要的活性化合物。研究表明,其具有擴張血管[32]、平喘[33]、抗血小板聚集[34]、鎮痛[35]、抗血栓形成和抗增殖作用[36]??杉凶饔糜诩∪馑沙趧37]、中樞去甲腎上腺素或γ-氨基丁酸[38]。另外,有關研究[39-41]也表明,Z-藁本內酯對短暫性前腦缺血、永久性局部腦缺血、慢性腦缺血等具有顯著的神經保護作用。通過對文獻歸納整理,苯酞類化合物與藥理作用見表1。

表1 川芎中苯酞類化合物的藥理作用

2.2 有機酚酸類化合物的藥理作用

川芎中有機酚酸類化合物的藥理作用研究主要集中在阿魏酸(72)、咖啡酸(73)以及綠原酸(83)等化合物上。對阿魏酸的藥理研究表明,阿魏酸可以顯著改善血液流動性,抑制血小板聚集,降低血脂,預防血栓形成,保護嗜鉻細胞瘤樣神經元(PC12)以及具有較強的抗氧化活性[44],在國內臨床上已用于治療心絞痛和高血壓[51]。綠原酸能調節葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶參與葡萄糖代謝過程,降低低密度脂蛋白-膽固醇和總膽固醇的氧化來降低心血管疾病的風險[52]。

2.3 生物堿類化合物的藥理作用

川芎嗪(91)被認為是川芎的有效成分,對其藥理研究較為廣泛,現代藥理研究表明,川芎嗪具有抗血小板聚集、擴張血管、抗門靜脈高血壓[53-55],同時還具有抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗心肌炎和心肌肥厚等。

3 結語

川芎LigusticumchuanxiongHort作為一味常用的活血行氣、祛風止痛的中藥,其主要含有苯酞、有機酚酸、生物堿以及多糖等類多種化學成分?,F代藥理研究表明,川芎對心腦血管系統、神經系統、呼吸系統等都具有多方面的藥理活性,其中苯酞類和有機酚酸類是川芎主要活性成分。川芎嗪(tetramethylpyrazine)常被認為是川芎的有效成分,然而在藥材中其含量甚微,不能作為川芎質量控制的指標性成分,所以對于川芎中川芎嗪的認識存在爭議,需要做進一步的研究。通過本綜述系統闡述了川芎有效成分和藥理方面的研究進展,為今后川芎的研究開發提供了參考。

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AdvancesinChemicalConstituentsandPharmacologicalEffectsofLigusticumchuanxiong

HAN Wei*

(Centerfordrugevaluation,CFDABeijing100038,China)

Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuan-Xiong, CX), the dried rhizome ofLigusticumchuanxiongHort., is used as one of Chinese medicine for activating blood and promoting the circulation of Qi.Modern research indicates that phthalides, organic acids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, ceramides and cerebrosides are main components responsible for the properties of CX.The pharmacological effects of CX, its main chemical fraction and monomer are related to multiple systems, such as cardiovascular system, nervous system and respiratory system, etc.This paper summarizes domestic and foreign reports on the pharmacological activities and active ingredients for the further research.

Ligusticumchuanxiong;phthalides;alkaloids;organic acids;pharmacological effects

10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.2017.9.027

*

韓煒,副主任藥師,高級審評員,研究方向:中藥新藥的藥學評價;Tel:(010)68921239,E-mail:hanw@cdc.org.cn

2017-07-12)

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