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探究2:說明文命題解讀和解題策略

2021-03-04 07:34李現寶
瘋狂英語·愛英語 2021年1期
關鍵詞:夏令營說明文段落

李現寶

閱讀理解是高考英語試題的重點,是考查學生語篇閱讀能力、語言意識、英語語感的重要題型。在全國各省市的高考英語閱讀理解題中,說明文所占比重尤為突出。它既要求考生能熟練運用詞匯和語法知識、理解文章語句、把握語篇整體結構,還要求學生有大量的閱讀積淀和知識儲備,熟悉不同的話題和不同的題目考查方式。

一、文體特點

說明文通常是使用平實的語言客觀地解說事物、闡明事理,給人以知識的文體。它通常運用舉例、對比、分類、引用、演繹、歸納等方法,按照時間、空間或事物發展的邏輯順序進行介紹和說明。通過對實體事物(如儀器、產品、自然環境)的解說,或對抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的闡釋,使人們對事物的形態、特征、構造、性能、種類、成因、功能等有所了解,或對事理的特點、來源、演變、異同等有所認識,從而獲得相關的知識。說明文實用性很強,它包括廣告、說明書、內容提要、規則章程、解說詞、操作指南等。

二、命題特點

閱讀理解主要測試考生理解主旨與要義、理解文中具體信息、根據上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義、做出判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結構、理解作者的意圖、觀點和態度等的能力。說明文的主要命題形式有事實細節題、詞義推斷題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題,其中事實細節題和推理判斷題居多。下文將介紹考生在解題過程中容易出現的問題和相應的策略。

三、解題指導

(一)增加外刊積累、避免思維定式

高考英語閱讀很大一部分選自國外的網站、報紙、雜志等,時效性和話題性比較突出。因此,考生要熟悉外刊的文章特點、常用寫作技巧、話題相關的文化背景知識等相關信息,消除文化隔閡、文化差異造成的理解困難和理解偏差。比如,外刊的標題一般簡短概括,非常精練。為了使語句短小而生動、醒目,所使用的詞語和句子必須壓縮到最精練的程度,這就要求必須有獨特的撰寫方式。除了大家熟知的省略、縮寫等方式,還常常引用或套用名言、典故、諺語和文學著作,運用押韻等修辭手法。這一點是很多考生,甚至是教師的認識盲點。尤其是科普類說明文,很多人對它的認識僅僅停留在標題是文章中心的簡單概括,而忽視了它可能采用的修辭手法或者引用或套用所涉及的文化背景知識。

【典型案例】

2019年The Economist(《經濟學人》)有一篇關于學生參加夏令營的文章,標題是Mutually assured distraction。如果不了解相關的文化背景知識,直接翻譯為“相互保證消遣”,就無法體會作者選用該標題的精妙之處,無法體會作者選用該標題所體現出的夏令營如火如荼開展的背后的競爭氛圍,也無法準確感受結尾處和該標題的呼應。如果我們多閱讀外媒文章、重視對西方文化背景知識的積累,就會了解到文章標題Mutually assured distraction來自軍事術語mutually assured destruction,簡稱M.A.D,中文譯名為:相互保證毀滅。這是一種軍事戰略思想,具體指當兩個國家武力相當,都能夠毀滅對方時,反而會相互牽制,維持一種緊張但穩定的和平局面。此戰略主要應用于美蘇冷戰時期,并且被當成避免兩大陣營全面直接沖突的助力,但這種軍事戰略也直接導致了軍備競賽,因為雙方都要爭取保持平手,才能不被毀滅。正如文章中提到的,學生們爭相參加夏令營,試圖獲得競爭優勢,但最終誰也無法真正超過同齡人,宛如一場軍備競賽。同時,這和結尾處“But as wealthier parents splash out on ever more specialized programmes, it is getting harder for the less well-to-do to keep up in the summer-camp arms race.”中的arms race構成了首尾呼應,非常精彩。

【試題鏈接1】

Listen carefully to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors, and you can probably work out who it is that is walking about. The features most commonly used to identify people are faces, voices, finger prints and retinal scans. But their “behavioural biometrics”, such as the way they walk, are also giveaways.

64. Whats the best title of the passage?

A. Listen to your footsteps

B. Applaud pattern recognition

C. Love the way you walk

D. Better the mats you step on

在該題的選擇過程中,很多考生都不敢選擇C項。因為在他們的心目中,說明文的標題就是刻板、直接、枯燥的,這與選項中的love風格極為不符。仔細閱讀這一段,其實很容易感受到作者選用該標題的含義?!癓isten carefully

to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors, and you can probably work out who it is that is walking about.” 此句表示通過分辨腳步聲,你就可以辨別出走路的人是誰。這個人一定是自己的家人,或者是非常熟悉的朋友。因此,在聽到腳步聲的時候應當是充滿著親切和期待,甚至是開心和激動的。當一個人在家的時候,當一個人孤獨的時候,當一個人不開心、需要安慰的時候,最喜歡的就是這種熟悉的腳步聲。文章介紹的通過識別人的走路方式來識別身份的墊子,也跟腳步聲有一樣的功效,墊子“喜愛”通過識別人的走路方式發揮作用,墊子主人也“喜愛”熟悉的、親近的人的到來。

【試題鏈接2】

In English the sky is blue, and the grass is green. But in Vietnamese there is just one color category for both sky and grass: xanh. For decades cognitive(認知) scientists have point-ed to such examples as evidence that language largely determines how we see color. But new research with four-to-six-month-old babies indicates that long before we learn language, we see up to five basic categories of color—a finding that suggests a stronger biological element to perceive(感知) color than previously thought.

The study, published recently in the Pro-ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, tested the color-discrimination abilities of more than 170 British babies.

60. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Rainbow in the Babys World

B. A Journey to the World of Colors

C. A New Challenge: Language vs. Culture

D. Different Babies, Different Color Perception

本題答案為A。該題同樣也向大家傳遞出了一個信號,說明文的標題同樣可以是文藝范的,可以是優美的,可以是充滿文學氣息的。

【點石成金】平時增加國外報紙、雜志等文本的閱讀,熟知其寫作特點和套路。同時,關注相關的文化背景知識,體會和感受說明文中獨特的語言美。

(二)關注句間銜接,緊扣段落中心

英語文章中有大量的詞匯是作者用來聯系句子的,從而使整篇文章前后貫通、語義明確。標志詞(signal words)就是表明句子間和段落間的邏輯關系,具有詞義、語法結構標志作用的詞或詞組。句子間的邏輯關系和銜接手段不外乎列舉、原因、結果、讓步、對照、補充、目的、條件等。如表示列舉的詞:for example, for instance; 表羅列的詞:first, second, third, to begin with, to conclude;表轉折的詞:however, but, whereas; 表示原因的詞:because, since, as;表示結果的詞:so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result;表示對照的詞:on the contrary, by contrast, in comparison;表示目的的詞:so that, in order that等。標志詞就像指路牌一樣,指明作者思路發展的方向和思路之間的邏輯聯系。標志詞前后的信息往往都是命題和答題的主要線索或依據,因此,識別標志詞對考生更快、更好地理解文章具有舉足輕重的作用。

【典型案例】

例如,在上文提到的summer camp的外刊中,有這樣的段落“In a classroom at Imperial College London, students sit hunched over laptops, typing lines of code. Just nine years old, they are attending Firetech, a British technology summer camp for children. Courses include Junior Augmented Reality and Creating for YouTube. Such programmes are proliferating in many countries. They pander to two common demands from well-off parents: to entertain children over the long summer holidays and to give them a leg-up over their peers.”。該部分為文章首段,通過介紹個例引入話題:特寫學生在教室敲代碼的場景,引出Firetech夏令營,舉例說明Firetech夏令營的具體項目。后面的Such 非常關鍵,起到承上啟下的作用,由個例轉向普遍趨勢,指出父母送孩子進入夏令營的兩個目的:娛樂(讓孩子得到快樂)與教育(讓孩子更具競爭力)。這為后文詳細闡述做鋪墊,其中代詞they實現句間銜接。通過對這些連接詞的準確識別和理解,我們可以明確作者的寫作意圖,把握段落的中心(引出夏令營的兩個目的,即to entertain children over the long summer holidays and to give them a leg-up over their peers)。

【試題鏈接3】

A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反壟斷的) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.

Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.

61. Why is there a call to break up giants?

A. They have controlled the data market.

B. They collect enormous private data.

C. They no longer provide free services.

D. They dismissed some new-born giants.

該題的信息源定位到第2段的第一句話“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”,顯然,問題的根本原因就是該句的第一個詞Such 所代指的內容。Such既起到承上啟下的作用,又是對第1段主要信息的概括。因此,需要把握住第1段的中心句,即Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants that deal in data。同時,要想對該句有精準的把握,還需要對該句中的similar concerns所指的內容有準確的把握,這又體現了句子之間連接的重要性,環環相扣,聯系緊密。通過對前幾句的理解,我們可以發現similar concerns指的是反壟斷,因此,就是因為壟斷才要求巨頭解體,答案為A。

【試題鏈接4】

But there is cause for concern. The Internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.

62. What does the technological innovation in paragraph 3 indicate?

A. Data giants technology is very expensive.

B. ?Googles idea is popular among data firms.

C. Data can strengthen giants controlling

position.

D. Data can be turned into new services or products.

該題解決的關鍵仍然是要理清句子之間的邏輯關系?!癟he Internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition.” 為中心句,即互聯網改變了數據和競爭的性質。其后,Google initially used...雖然沒有for example作為標志詞,但是,我們可以判斷出此處作者正在用具體的事例對中心句做具體的舉例論證說明。該句和后面的“Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.”分為兩個方面就互聯網改變了數據和競爭的性質(變成可以出售的服務和讓企業擁有“上帝視角”)進行了具體說明。把握住它們之間的關系,該題很容易看出,只有C項才是符合中心句的觀點的(加強了企業的控制地位,即擁有“上帝視角”)。

【點石成金】在閱讀的過程中,理清句子之間的關系,可以更加清晰段落中心,有助于精準把握作者的寫作目的和意圖,輕松選出正確答案。

(三)把握文章結構,理清作者思路

說明文主題鮮明、脈絡清晰,行文結構模式較為固定。弄清文本結構有助于把握文章主旨和閱讀重點。作者在謀篇布局上常使用以下說明方法:描述法(description)(包括舉例子、下定義、列數據等)、因果法(cause and effect)、問題與對策法(problem and solution)。實驗、研究型文章一般會以實驗的過程、進展為線索,多用描述法、問題與對策法等方法,通過列數據、做對比等來說明新的科學研究發現及其產生的影響。介紹說明型文章通常是介紹一種新產品、新技術,更多運用描述法從功能、用途、材料和市場前景等方面進行介紹。

在閱讀時,首先用略讀法快速瀏覽每段的首尾句,分析原文的文本結構,然后根據作者謀篇布局的邏輯線索歸納主旨大意。如果文章中含有小標題、副標題等,在概括全文主旨大意和寫作目的時需要重點考慮。

【試題鏈接5】

Old Problem, New Approaches

While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.

...

Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor coun-tries. Floods have...

Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man...

Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain...

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”.

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine...

68. What do we learn from the Peru example?

A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B. The global warming trend cannot be stopped.

C. This country is heating up too quickly.

D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

這是一篇人文社科類說明文。文章舉例說明了在全球變暖的情況下,人類應該如何發揮聰明才智,以創新的方式(new approaches)適應氣候變化。文章內容新穎,結構清晰,主題鮮明。文章結構如下:

通過對文章結構的把握,我們很容易發現the Peru example是對上一段的方法“Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet.”具體實施的一個案例。因此,答案就可以非常容易選出。而很多同學只閱讀試題相關的段落,不顧及該段落在全文框架結構中的位置,就很容易出現理解偏差、選錯答案的情況。

【點石成金】了解文章的結構,把握文章的脈絡,在閱讀中著眼全局(see the big picture), 避免只關注細節,能夠更加準確和快速地解決問題。

說明文是高考英語閱讀理解題中的重點內容。說明文具有與自己特點相適應的說明方法,雖然,說明文抽象度高,解題難度較大,但是,只要考生掌握說明文的文章特點、篇章結構、作者的行文脈絡和敘述方式,以冷靜的心態閱讀原文,重點突破長句結構特點和邏輯關系,對其做出準確的語意理解,輕松解題便水到渠成。

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