中國西藏2種錐螲蟷屬蜘蛛記述(原蛛下目：盤腹蛛科)

張鋒，余錕

(河北大學 生命科學學院，生命科學與綠色發展研究院，河北 保定 071002)

The genusConotheleThorell, 1878 belonging to the subfamily Ummidiinae of Halonoproctidae,can be distinguished from other genera of the family (except forUmmidia) by the presence of clavate trichobothria on the dorsal side of tarsi, and a saddle depression present on tibia Ⅲ. Morphologically,ConotheleandUmmidiaare undistinguishable, but theConothelecan be distinguished fromUmmidiaby the burrow behavior and the distribution: spiders ofConotheleoften construct a short and superficial burrow, parallel to the surface of ground or the tree trunk, the burrow ofUmmidiahaving a long and deep tunnel; spiders ofConotheledistributed in the Orient and Australasian regions,Ummidiadistributed in the America and Mediterranean regions. Presently, this genus including 30 species, 11 of which were found in China (WSC, 2021).

During the study of collections of MHBU, we found twoConothelespecies of Tibet. One of them isConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu &Li, 2019, it is the firstConothelespecies described from Tibet, but known only from the female;here, this study reports the male ofC.linzhifor the first time.Another one is confirmed to be a new species:Conothelemedogasp. nov.. All measurements are in millimeters.

ConothelelinzhiH.Liu,Xu,Zhang,F.Liu&Li,2019(Fig.1a-g;Fig.2a-h)

Materialexamined2♂3♀，Baishuwang Garden, Bayi Town, Nyingchi City, Tibet, China, July 2002, leg. M. Zhu, Feng Zhang and Junxia Zhang (MHBU).

DiagnosisFemales ofC.linzhican be distinguished from other congeneric members by the large irregularly syncretic sigilla presents on the central sternum (Fig.2b), the distal part of stalks slightly Z-shaped and the terminal lobes of spermathecae hemisphere-shaped (Fig.2d); by the presence of long clavate setae on the ventral side of legs Ⅰ-Ⅲ (Fig.2f-h). Males morphologically resembleC.cangshan,C.deqinandC.taiwanensis, but can be distinguished fromC.cangshanandC.taiwanensisby a relatively slender palpal tibia without a proximal hump on the prolateral side; can be distinguished fromC.deqinby the fish-hook tooth at the tip of embolus not well-developed (Fig.1e-g).

DistributionChina (Tibet,Nyingchi).

Conothelemedogasp.nov.(Fig.3a-g)

MaterialexaminedHolotype♀. Dexing Town, 95.218 8 °E, 29.359 1 °N,1 900 m elev., Medog County, Nyingchi City, Tibet, China, 15 June 2020, leg. L. Yuan (MHBU).

EtymologyThe specific name is a noun refers to the type locality; noun (name) in apposition.

DiagnosisThe female of new species can be distinguished from otherConothelespecies by the terminal part of stalk thickening and coiled, the terminal lobes of spermathecae hemisphere-shaped (Fig.3e); by the corners of lateral edges of carapace slightly lower than the horizontal line of fovea (Fig.3a); can be distinguished fromC.linzhiby the absence of long clavate setae on the ventral side of legs Ⅰ-Ⅲ.

DistributionKnown only from the type locality.

錐螲蟷屬Conothele隸屬于盤腹蛛科Halonoproctidae潮螲蟷亞科Ummidiinae[1]，其與同科其他屬(除潮螲蟷屬Ummidia)區別在于所有跗節背側具有棒狀聽毛、第Ⅲ步足脛節背面具1馬鞍形凹陷.該屬與潮螲蟷屬在形態上尚無法區分，但近年的分子系統學研究支持該2屬各自的單系性[1].該屬可與潮螲蟷屬區別于巢穴形態與分布區域：錐螲蟷屬的巢穴通常極淺，僅能容身，潮螲蟷屬的巢穴有長而深的洞道；錐螲蟷屬分布于東洋區至澳洲區，潮螲蟷屬分布于美洲與地中海地區.錐螲蟷屬蜘蛛營穴居生活，在土表或樹干上做短而淺、僅能容身的巢穴，并在巢穴入口覆以可開合的絲蓋.目前，該屬已知30種，均分布于東洋區至澳洲區，其中,中國已報道11種[4].

經鑒定河北大學博物館館藏標本，發現了2種產于中國西藏地區的錐螲蟷.其中，一種為林芝錐螲蟷ConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu & Li, 2019，但目前僅記錄雌性[2]，本文首次報道了林芝錐螲蟷的雄性.另一種經鑒定確定為1新種：墨脫錐螲蟷Conothelemedogasp. nov.，本文對其進行正式命名與描述.文中所有測量單位為mm.

錐螲蟷屬ConotheleThorell, 1878

ConotheleThorell, 1878: 305; Xu et al., 2017: 66; Liu et al., 2019: 137.模式種：Conothelemalayana(Doleschall, 1859).

林芝錐螲蟷ConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu & Li, 2019(圖1a-g; 圖2a-h)

ConothelelinzhiLiu et al., 2019: 137, f. 3a-j.

a.身體背面觀；b.身體腹面觀；c.顎葉與下唇，腹面觀；d.左側第Ⅲ步足，后側面觀；e. 左側觸肢器，后側面觀；f. 左側觸肢器，前側面觀；g.左側觸肢器，腹面觀.圖1 林芝錐螲蟷♂Fig.1 Conothele linzhi ♂

鑒別特征：該種雌性與同屬其他種類的區別在于胸斑大而愈合，位于胸板的中央，外緣不規則(圖2b)；交配管遠端稍曲，近Z形，納精囊頂部呈半球形(圖2d)；第Ⅰ-Ⅲ步足腹面生有長的棒狀剛毛(圖2f-h).該種雄性在形態上接近于蒼山錐螲蟷C.cangshan、德欽錐螲蟷C.deqin和臺灣錐螲蟷C.taiwanensis，其與蒼山錐螲蟷和臺灣錐螲蟷的區別在于觸肢脛節較修長、前側面近端部無隆起；與德欽錐螲蟷的區別在于插入器末端鉤狀小齒不明顯(圖1e-g).

描述：雄性(圖1 a-g)體長13.32(不含螯肢)；背甲長7.12，寬6.98；近圓形，呈紅黑色，表面粗糙，具大量小溝和紋理；中窩前曲，近U形；頭區稍隆起，額區極短，眼區靠近背甲前緣，前眼列稍前凹；眼的測量：前中眼0.43，前側眼0.32，后中眼0.21，后側眼0.30；前中、側眼間距0.27，前中眼間距0.21，后中、側眼間距0.13，后中眼間距0.92；螯肢粗短，背面呈紅黑色，前端具明顯螯耙；下唇長1.02，寬1.57；與胸板愈合，下唇與顎葉具少量退化棘突(圖1c). 胸板長4.12，寬3.97；近梨形，呈紅棕色，胸斑內緣愈合，在胸板中央形成1外緣不規則的大斑.步足測量：步足 Ⅰ 18.22 (5.23+3.24+4.17+3.25+2.33)，步足 Ⅱ 17.14 (4.83+3.22+3.76+3.07+2.26)，步足 Ⅲ 15.45 (4.17+3.02+3.28+2.74+2.24)，步足 Ⅳ 19.93 (5.42+3.57+4.13+4.24+2.57)，步足無長棒狀剛毛；第Ⅲ步足轉節背面具1突起，脛節背面稍內陷. 腹部長5.20，寬4.93.觸肢脛節修長，前側面近端無隆起，腹面遠端稍內陷，具多條不規則橫溝；生殖球表面粗糙，基部具大量淺縱紋，向遠端逐漸不規則；儲精囊(精管)區域外觀色極深，呈黑褐色；插入器細長，向末端逐漸變窄，末端鉤狀小齒不明顯.

a.身體背面觀；b.身體腹面觀；c.身體左側面觀；d.生殖器背面觀；e.顎葉與下唇，腹面觀；f.左側第Ⅲ步足，后側面觀；g.左側第Ⅱ步足脛節，后側面觀；h.長棒狀剛毛，末端，后側面觀.圖2 林芝錐螲蟷♀Fig.2 Conothele linzhi ♀

雌性(圖2a-h)體長18.52(不含螯肢)；背甲長8.94，寬7.82；呈紅棕色，表面較光滑；中窩前曲，近U形；背甲中央隆起，頭區在體軸線的兩側自眼區至中窩位置具2條深色斑帶，眼區緊貼背甲前緣，前眼列稍前凹；眼的測量：前中眼0.44，前側眼0.28，后中眼0.22，后側眼0.28；前中、側眼間距0.31，前中眼間距0.19，后中、側眼間距0.17，后中眼間距0.76；螯肢粗壯，背面呈紅棕色，前端具明顯螯耙.下唇長1.43，寬1.94，下唇與顎葉具大量短而粗的棘突.胸板長5.33，寬4.27；近梨形，呈紅棕色，中央具1由胸斑聚合而成、外緣不規則的大斑.步足測量：步足Ⅰ 15.88(5.42+2.79+3.42+2.28+1.97)，步足Ⅱ 14.79 (4.56+2.43+3.04+2.98+1.78)，步足Ⅲ 12.90 (4.79+1.98+2.21+1.92+2.00)，步足Ⅳ 17.42 (5.40+2.87+2.93+3.25+2.97)；步足Ⅰ-Ⅲ具長棒狀剛毛，第Ⅲ步足脛節背面具馬鞍形凹陷.腹部長9.58，寬6.54.生殖器交配管遠端近Z形，輕微骨化，呈紅棕色；納精囊頂部呈半球形，具較多腺孔.

鏡檢標本：2♂3♀，西藏自治區林芝市八一鎮柏樹王園林，2002-07，朱明生、張鋒、張俊霞采.

分布：中國(西藏林芝).

墨脫錐螲蟷Conothelemedogasp. nov.(圖3a-g)

鏡檢標本：正?！?，西藏自治區林芝市墨脫縣德興鄉(95.218 8 °E, 29.359 1 °N, 1 900 m elev.)，2020-06-15，袁凌峰采.

a.身體背面觀;b.身體腹面觀;c.身體左側面觀；d. 顎葉與下唇，腹面觀；e. 生殖器背面觀；f.紡器，腹面觀；g.左側第Ⅲ步足，脛節到跗節，前側面觀.圖3 墨脫錐螲蟷(♀),正模.Fig.3 Conothele medoga sp. nov.(♀), holotype

鑒別特征：該種雌蛛與同屬其他種類區別在于交配管遠端明顯增厚盤曲、納精囊頂部呈半球形(圖3e)；背甲側緣轉角稍低于中窩所在的水平線(圖3a)；與林芝錐螲蟷區別在于第Ⅰ—Ⅲ步足無長的棒狀剛毛.

詞源學：種名源于該新種的模式產地；同位語名詞.

描述：雌性(正模)體長12.12(不含螯肢)，背甲長5.63，寬4.27；近梨形，較光滑，酒精中呈紅棕色，前側緣稍向前收束，側緣轉角略低于中窩所在的水平線；背甲中部隆起，頂部稍高于眼區的水平面；頭區體軸線上具2根長剛毛，后部在體軸線的兩側各具1根長剛毛；中窩深，前曲，近U形. 眼區緊靠背甲前緣，前眼列輕微前凹；眼的測量：前中眼0.41，前側眼0.29，后中眼0.19，后側眼0.28，前中、側眼間距0.22，前中眼間距0.18，后中、側眼間距0.09，后中眼間距0.73；螯肢粗壯，背面呈紅棕色，前端具明顯螯耙；下唇長1.14，寬1.66；下唇與顎葉具大量短而粗的棘突(圖3d)；胸板紅棕色，長3.77，寬2.88，胸斑不明顯，僅后胸斑較清晰，向胸板中央聚攏；步足測量：步足Ⅰ9.51 (3.43+1.90+2.28+1.01+0.89)，步足Ⅱ9.40 (3.37+1.68+2.09+1.13+1.13)，步足Ⅲ8.65 (2.09+1.22+2.05+2.02+1.27)，步足Ⅳ 11.60 (4.12+1.47+2.38+2.11+ 1.52)；步足無長的棒狀剛毛；第Ⅲ步足轉節背面凸起，脛節背面具馬鞍形內陷.腹部長6.49，寬4.46.外雌器交配管遠端輕微骨化，呈棕紅色，明顯增厚盤曲；納精囊頂部呈半球形，腺孔較為分散不聚集.

雄性：未知.

分布：西藏.

致謝：感謝朱明生先生(河北大學)、張俊霞女士(河北大學)、袁凌峰先生(四川)的野外采集工作；感謝陳子昂先生(烏魯木齊)贈送墨脫錐螲蟷正模標本.