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藏藥余甘子與訶子化學和藥理作用比較*

2016-04-05 23:53崔雅萍梁文儀陳文靜吳玲芳張蘭珍
世界科學技術-中醫藥現代化 2016年7期
關鍵詞:甘子訶子藏藥

亓 旗,崔雅萍,梁文儀,陳文靜,李 師,吳玲芳,張蘭珍

(北京中醫藥大學中藥學院 北京 100102)

藏藥余甘子與訶子化學和藥理作用比較*

亓 旗,崔雅萍,梁文儀,陳文靜,李 師,吳玲芳,張蘭珍**

(北京中醫藥大學中藥學院 北京 100102)

余甘子和訶子均為常用藏藥,藏藥中余甘子、毛訶子、訶子3種藥物配伍使用稱為大三果,是大多數常用方劑的基礎方。本文對余甘子和訶子化學成分與藥理作用進行歸納總結和比較,為兩種常用藏藥的應用提供依據。

藏藥 訶子 余甘子 化學成分 藥理作用

余甘子是大戟科葉下珠屬植物余甘子Phyllanthus emblica L.的干燥成熟果實,又名油柑、庵摩勒、余甘、油甘子、滇橄欖等[1],主要分布于印度、馬來西亞等熱帶和亞熱帶國家以及中國的海南、福建、廣東、廣西、云南等地。余甘子歸肺、胃經,性味甘、酸、澀、涼,具有清熱涼血,消食健胃,生津止咳之功效,臨床用于血熱血瘀,消化不良,腹脹,咳嗽,喉痛,口干等癥[2]。

訶子是使君子科欖仁樹屬植物訶子Terminalia chebular Retz.及其變種絨毛訶子Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt.的干燥成熟果實,名訶黎勒、訶梨,蒙藥名為“阿如拉”,泰語稱“麻菜果”,原產于印度、緬甸,在中國主要分布于云南、廣東、廣西、西藏等地。訶子歸肺,大腸經,具有澀腸止瀉、斂肺止咳、降火利咽之功效[2]。

余甘子和訶子在藏藥中應用廣泛,余甘子、訶子和毛訶子組成的大三果常作為基礎方與其它藏藥配伍使用,藏藥標準205種復方中含有三果的復方有45種,占總數的21.9%,其中三果作為主藥的復方有6種。在印度天竺阿育呋醫藥體系和藏醫藥體系中,三果醫藥利用率均列為第一[3]。藏醫藥中訶子的使用頻率與漢醫方劑中甘草相當,故有“眾藥之王”之稱。

目前,對余甘子和訶子的化學、藥理作用研究較多,但沒有對余甘子和訶子的化學成分、藥理作用進行比較系統的報道。本文對近年來兩者的化學成分與藥理作用進行總結,以期為余甘子與訶子的深入研究提供參考。

1 化學成分

余甘子和訶子所含化學成分的主要類別相近,均主要含有鞣質、酚類、苯丙素和黃酮類和三萜類化學成分,在生物堿、揮發油和維生素等化學成分的分布方面有不同之處。

1.1 訶子、余甘子中共有化學成分

①多酚類成分:Methyl gallate,gallic acid和ethyl gallate,chebulic acid,ellagic acid;②可水解鞣質類:Chebulanin,corilagin和chebulagic acid;③甾醇類:β-sitosterol和daucosterol;④黃酮類成分:Quercetin;⑤苯丙素類成分:Cinnamic acid[4-17]。

1.2 余甘子中的化學成分

1.2.1 酚類

余甘子中酚類化合物主要有mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3,5-di-O-gallate,mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3-O- gallate,mucic acid 1,4-lactone 5-O-gallate,mucic acid 1,4-lactone 6-methyl ester 2-O- gallate mucic acid 1,4-lactone 6-methyl ester 5-O-gallate,mucic acid 1-methyl ester 2-O-gallate,mucic acid 2-O-gallate,mucic acid 3-O-gallate,mucic acid 6-methyl ester 2-O-gallate,mucic acid di- methyl ester 2-O-gallate,flavogallonic acid bislactone,Gallic acid 3-O-(6′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucoside,gallic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside[12],(-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate,1-O-galloylβ-D-glucose,L- malic acid 2-O-gallate,mucic acid 1,4-lactone 2-O-gallate,2-(2-methylbutyryl) phloroglucinol 1-O-(6″-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside,2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)pheno l1-O-β-D- glucopyranoside,2-carboxylmethylphenol 1-O-β-D- glucopyranoside,4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde,methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate,3,4,8,9,10 -pentahydroxydibenzo[b,d]pyran - 6-one,syringaldehyde,vanillic acid,3-ethylgallic acid,4-O-methylellagic acid-3'-α- rhamnoside,pyrogallol[18-23]。

1.2.2 鞣質

可水解鞣質有phyllanthunin,1,6-di-O-galloylβ-D-glucose,carpinusnin,mallonin,neochebulagic acid,phyllanemblinin A,phyllanemblinin B,phyllanemblinin C,phyllanemblinin D,phyllanemblinin E,phyllanemblinin F,punicafolin,putranjivain A,tercatain,furosin,geraniin,isocorilagin,putranjivain B,isomallotusinin],isostrictinin,1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose[24]??s合鞣質主要有prodelphinidin B1,prodelphinidin B2,epicatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin,Phyllemtannin。

1.2.3 萜類

三萜類化合物有lupeol,3,20-dioxo-dinorfriedelane。倍半萜類有phyllaemblic acid B,phyllaemblic acid C,phyllaemblicin D,phyllaemblinol[19,20],phyllaemblicin A,phyllaemblicin B,phyllaemblicin C,phyllaemblic acid,phyllaemblicin E,phyllaemblicin F,4'-hydroxyphyllaemblicin B,phyllaemblicin G1,phyllaemblicin G2,phyllaemblicin G3,phyllaemblicin G4,phyllaemblicin G5,phyllaemblicin G6,phyllaemblicin G7,phyllaemblicin G8,glochicoccin D,β-caryophyllene,β-bourbonene[25-28]。

1.2.4 黃酮類

黃酮類化合物主要有(-)-epiafzelechin,(-)-epicatechin,(-)- epigallocatechin,prodelphinidin B-2 3′-O-gallate,(+)-gallocatechin,(S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6″-O-(E)-β-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside,(S)-eriodictyol7-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside,Isoquercitrin,Kaempferol,kaempferol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside,quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(6″-ethyl)-rhamnopyranoside,Avicularin,kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(6″-methyl)-rhamnopyranoside,apigenin-7-O-(6″-butyryl-βglucopyranoside)[29-32]。

1.2.5 甾醇類

甾醇類成分主要有5α, 6β-dihydroxysitosterol,5α, 6β, 7α-trihydroxysitosterol,6′-(stigmast-5-en-7-one-3-O-β-D- glucopyranosidyl) hexadecanoate,7-ketositosterol,7α-hydroxysitosterol,7α- acetoxysitosterol,7β-ethoxysiterol,6′-(stigmast-5-en-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosidyl) hexadecanoate,stigmast-4-en-3-one,stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione,stigmast-4-en-6βol-3-onestigmast-4-ene-3β, 6α-diol。

1.2.6 苯丙素類

苯丙素類化合物主要有Isolariciresinol,4-ketopinoresinol,lirioresinol A,medioresinol,syringaresinol,4,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxy-8-O-3′-neolignan,coniferyl aldehyde,methyl caffeate。

1.2.7 其他類

其他化合物包括有5-hydroxymethylfurfural,mucic acid 1-methyl ester-6-ethyl ester,penicillide,purpactin A,methyl (2S)-1-[2-(furan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2- carboxylate,1′S-11-dehydroxy penicillide,2R-diethyl malate,5-hydroxyisoquinoline,mucic acid[33]等。

1.3 訶子的化學成分

1.3.1 酚類

訶子中酚類成分主要有phloroglucinol,Ferulic acid,pyragallol,p-coumaric acid,caffeic acid,vanillic acids,anthraquinone,protocatechuate,3,6-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose,6-O-galloyl-D-glucose,(-)-shikimide-4-O-gallate,(-)-shikimic acid 3-O-gallate+(-)-shikimic acid 5-O-gallate,1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose[11],shikimic acid,莽草酸甲酯,isoterchebulin,1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose[18],galloylglucose,punicalagin[34,35]。

1.3.2 萜類

三萜類成分有arjunin,2α-hydroxymicromeric acid,maslinic acid,2α-hydroxyursolic acid,terminoic acid,Arjungenin,arjunolic acid,訶五醇,chebuloside I,chebuloside II,arjunglucoside I,arjunglucoside II,arjunetin,bellericoside,arjunic acid,terminolic acid,2α,19α-二羥基-3-O-12-en-28-烏蘇酸-O-α-L-鼠李糖-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,eta-amyrin[36-40]。

1.3.3 鞣質類

鞣質類成分有1,6-di-O-galloyl-D- glucose,3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose,Casuarinin,1,2,3,4, 6-penta-O-galloyl- D-glucose,1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,1,3,6-tri -O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,Terchebin,chebulinic acid,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose,Methyl neochebulinate,neochebulinate,neochebulinic acid,terflavin A,terflavins B,terflavins C,terflavins D,punicalin,terchebulin,isochebulic acid,neochebulic acid等。

1.3.4 其他

訶子中還包括有槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷,5,7,2-tri-O-methylflavanone-4-O-β-D- galactopyranosyl-(l-3) -β-D-glucopyranoside,Friedelin。

2 藥理作用

2.1 余甘子、訶子共有的藥理作用

2.1.1 抗氧化作用

研究發現,余甘子、訶子均具有明顯的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化活性與其中的酚類化合物相關。余甘子果實中的槲皮素、5-羥甲基糠醛、沒食子酸、β-胡蘿卜苷和鞣花酸具有顯著清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基的活性。另外,余甘子中維生素C的含量特別高,這也與其較強的抗氧化活性密不可分。吳士云[41]采用FRAP法和DPPH清除率評價訶子,發現訶子乙酸乙酯部位抗氧化活性最強,其強抗氧化活性主要與高含量總多酚類化合物有關。

2.1.2 抗病原微生物作用

余甘子、訶子具有廣泛的抑菌以及抗病毒作用。余甘子的乙醇提取物對金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、變形桿菌和嗜熱脂肪芽孢桿菌有很強的抑制作用。乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物和水提物在體外對于單純皰疹病毒1型和2型均有一定的抑制作用,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的活性最強[42,43]。

訶子對金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌、綠膿桿菌、白假絲酵母菌、銅綠假單胞菌、白色念珠菌和解脲脲原體等具有抑制作用,其水提物對皮膚真菌也有一定的抑制作用,訶子乙酸乙酯提取物的抗菌活性與鄰苯三酚類成分相關。高濃度的訶子復方提取物可顯著性降低A型流感病毒H3N8的感染率。訶子酸和石榴皮鞣素還能通過阻斷HIVrgp120與CD4細胞的結合從而抑制病毒復制[44-46]。

2.1.3 抗腫瘤作用

余甘子、訶子均可抑制多種癌細胞的增殖。余甘子中的酚類化合物有顯著的抗腫瘤活性。余甘子提取物可強烈抑制人胃腺癌細胞MK-1、人子宮癌細胞HeLa細胞、鼠黑素瘤細胞B16F10、乳腺癌細胞MCF-7、人肝癌細胞HepG2和人肺癌細胞A549的增殖。余甘子果汁對S180荷瘤小鼠灌服不僅能抑制腫瘤生長,還具有較好的免疫調節和免疫保護作用。訶子醇提物可抑制人乳腺癌細胞株MCF-7、鼠乳腺癌細胞株S115、人前列腺癌細胞株PC-3、人骨肉瘤細胞株HOS-1和PNT1A人前列腺癌細胞的增殖[47,48]。

2.1.4 保肝作用

余甘子醇提取物能減少TNF-α、TGF-β、HA、PⅢNP、LN、MDA和Hyp含量,提高SOD活性,對肝纖維化大鼠有較好的抗肝纖維化作用。朱偉等發現余甘子可改善非酒精性脂肪肝形成過程中的肝臟損傷,也可增強肝損傷大鼠肝細胞的恢復能力[49-51]。

訶子的70%乙醇提取物能顯著改善肝損傷鼠體外鐵螯合性能和體內鐵過剩,減低肝損傷鼠的肝毒性。訶子炮制品能夠降低由α-萘異硫氰酸酯誘導肝損傷大鼠血清中AST和ALT水平,對急性肝損傷具有降酶保肝作用,且毒性較小[52]。

2.1.5 抗炎作用

余甘子、訶子對不同炎癥模型均有一定的抑制作用。余甘子甲醇部位、乙酸乙酯部位、石油醚部位和正丁醇部位為余甘子抗炎鎮痛的有效部位,其中以甲醇部位與正丁醇部位的作用最強;還可顯著降低毛細血管通透性,抑制白細胞游出,其抗炎作用成劑量依賴性[53,54]。訶子水提物可顯著抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳腫脹的程度。阿育吠陀傳統草本配方三果湯(訶子、毛訶子和余甘子)對弗氏佐劑誘導的Wistar大鼠關節炎模型有抗炎作用。

2.1.6 對血液系統的作用

余甘子、訶子均有降血糖、調血脂的作用。余甘子水提物對四氧嘧啶誘發的小鼠糖尿病模型具有明顯的降血糖作用。二十五味余甘子丸對脂肪乳誘發大鼠高脂血癥脂代謝具有調節作用[55,56]。

訶子醇提物可降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平、還具有調節血脂的作用。訶子幼果的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水部位對α-葡萄糖苷酶均有明顯的抑制作用,活性跟蹤表明5-羥甲基糠醛、沒食子酸甲酯為活性單體[57-59]。

2.1.7 對胃腸道的作用

余甘子的傳統運用既有抗便秘作用,又有抗腹瀉作用?,F代藥理研究采用科學方法證實余甘子的止瀉作用主要是由于毒蕈堿受體和Ca2+通道雙重阻斷,而抗便秘的活性可能通過激活毒蕈堿受體而介導。余甘子的雙重調節作用可能是由于不同劑量導致的,低劑量興奮毒蕈堿受體,高劑量抑制毒蕈堿受體[60,61]。

訶子具有抑制胃腸道蠕動的作用,其提取物的高、中劑量均可顯著抑制正常小鼠胃排空與小腸推進運動,還可抑制家兔離體腸平滑肌的收縮,對氯化乙酰膽堿引起的腸平滑肌興奮有明顯的拮抗作用,均表明訶子醇提物對動物胃腸運動有抑制作用,其作用途徑可能與M膽堿受體有關[62]。

2.2 余甘子與訶子不同的藥理作用

2.2.1 余甘子藥理作用

(1)抗突變:可明顯降低骨髓細胞染色體的畸變,其中Vc是其主要抗突變成分;(2)抗主動脈粥樣硬化:能抑制高脂血癥家兔主動脈粥樣硬化的形成;(3)抗疲勞:可延緩模擬高原環境下小鼠疲勞的產生,可加速疲勞消除[63,64]。

2.2.2 訶子藥理作用

(1)鎮咳:對豚鼠咳嗽有較強的鎮咳作用且效果強于可待因;(2)鎮痛:能夠減少醋酸扭體模型中小鼠的扭體次數;(3)解毒:與甘草、草烏共煎后,可降低次烏頭堿的含量,在相同配伍比例下,訶子-草烏共煎液解毒活性強于甘草-草烏共煎液[65,66];(4)心臟保護:在離體蛙心臟模型中具有心臟保護作用;(5)細胞保護:對HEK-N/F細胞具有顯著的保護作用;(6)促進傷口愈合:可促進大鼠皮膚傷口愈合,縮短皮膚愈合時間[68,69]。

3 總結

余甘子和訶子均為常用藏藥,是藏藥大三果中的兩個主藥,具有很多相同的化學成分和藥理作用,它們在抗氧化、抗病原微生物、抗腫瘤以及調節腸胃功能和血液系統等方面均有較好的作用。但是,它們的功效也有區別,余甘子側重于抗疲勞、抗突變以及抑制主動脈粥樣化的形成,訶子在鎮咳、鎮痛、解毒、促進傷口愈合以及心臟保護、細胞保護等方面更有優勢,二者均未見兩者毒副作用的記載與報道。因此,余甘子和訶子在疾病預防、治療和保健品的開發等方面有廣泛前景。

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The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Progress on Comparisons Between Terminalia Chebula Retz. and Terminalia Chebula Retz. in Tibetan Medicine

Qi Qi, Cui Yaping, Liang Wenyi, Chen Wenjing, Li Shi, Wu Lingfang, Zhang Lanzhen
(School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China)

Phyllanthus emblica L. and Terminalia chebula Retz. were the most common Tibetan medicines. The combination of Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz. and Term inalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. was known as Triphala, which was the basis of the most frequently-used prescriptions. The present study summarized and made a further comparison between Phyllanthus emblica L. and Terminalia chebula Retz. over chemical constituents and pharmacological activities, which provided evidence for their clinical use and the basic theory.

Tibetan medicine, Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz., chemical constitution, pharmacological action

(責任編輯:馬雅靜,責任譯審:朱黎婷)

10.11842/wst.2016.07.015

R29

A

2016-06-19

修回日期:2016-06-19

* 國家自然科學基金委面上項目(81274187):基于藏藥余甘子酚酸類成分體內動態變化的抗癌藥效物質與質量控制研究,負責人:張蘭珍。

** 通訊作者:張蘭珍,本刊編委,研究員,博士生導師,主要研究方向:中藥和民族藥藥效物質研究。

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