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胃癌組織中干細胞標志物Sox2的表達及臨床意義

2016-07-13 03:14陳忠謝峰鐘豐云杜鴻嚴永敏錢暉
天津醫藥 2016年5期
關鍵詞:癌基因標志物干細胞

陳忠,謝峰,鐘豐云,杜鴻,嚴永敏,錢暉

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胃癌組織中干細胞標志物Sox2的表達及臨床意義

陳忠1,謝峰2,鐘豐云3,杜鴻4,嚴永敏5,錢暉5

目的探討胃癌組織中干細胞標志物Sox2的表達及臨床意義。方法RT-PCR檢測60例胃癌患者癌組織(胃癌組)和癌旁組織(癌旁組)中Sox2 mRNA表達,免疫組織化學法檢測2組Sox2蛋白表達水平。比較Sox2 mRNA陽性表達情況在不同年齡、性別、腫瘤大小、組織類型、TNM分期、分化程度、浸潤深度及淋巴結轉移中的差異。結果胃癌組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達率53.3%(32/60)高于癌旁組的20.0%(12/60);Sox2 mRNA的相對表達強度高于癌旁組(0.724±0.209 vs. 0.256±0.065,P<0.01)。胃癌組Sox2蛋白的陽性表達率50.0%(30/60)高于癌旁組的16.7%(10/60,P<0.01)。胃癌組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達率臨床TNM分期(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)組高于(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)組,低、未分化組高于中、高分化組,浸潤深度T3~T4組高于T1~T2組,淋巴結轉移組高于無轉移組(均P<0.05或P<0.01)。結論胃癌組織中Sox2高表達與其發生、侵襲、進展及轉移有關,可作為胃癌診療新的分子標志物。

胃腫瘤;腫瘤干細胞;基因,腫瘤抑制;免疫組織化學;逆轉錄聚合酶鏈反應;干細胞標志物Sox2

干細胞標志物Sox2(SRY-related HMG-box gene 2)是Sox基因超家族成員之一,屬于一類SRY (sex determination region of Y chromosome)相關基因家族,為干細胞轉錄因子[1]。Sox2通過自身高度保守的高遷移率族(HMG)區域與DNA產生交互作用,在調控胚胎和組織的分化發育、器官形成,維持胚胎干細胞(ESCs)的自我更新和多能性方面具有重要作用[2]。腫瘤干細胞(CSCs)被認為是癌細胞的一個小的側群,具有類似ESCs能力,可介導腫瘤的發生、轉移及復發[3]。胃癌組織及細胞系中存在著胃癌干細胞樣細胞(GCSCs)[4]。Sox2為干細胞關鍵轉錄因子,越來越多的研究表明其與腫瘤發生密切相關[5]。其通過對靶基因的激活與抑制作用而參與腫瘤發生、增殖、侵襲及轉移,有關腫瘤中Sox2表達的研究結果并不一致。Sox2在胃癌、大腸癌及肺癌等中屬于癌基因還是抑癌基因尚存在爭議[6-10]。本研究旨在通過比較60例胃癌患者癌組織與癌旁組織中Sox2 mRNA及蛋白質的表達水平差異,分析Sox2 mRNA表達與臨床病理參數的關系,探討其在胃癌發生、侵襲、進展及轉移中的作用。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料選取2012年7月—2014年10月于蘇州永鼎醫院及蘇州大學附屬第二醫院普外科就診并經病理組織學確診的60例胃癌患者,男38例,女22例,年齡31~81歲,中位年齡59歲?;颊咝g前均未接受化療及放療。所有病理切片均經2位病理科主治以上醫師進行雙盲法核片,確定組織類型、臨床分期、分化程度及浸潤深度。胃癌病理學分期依據2009年國際抗癌聯盟(UICC)第7版進行TNM臨床分期。每例手術切除樣本均取約50 mg的癌組織(胃癌組)和癌旁組織(癌旁組,距癌變部位邊界>5 cm,且經病理證實無癌變)標本各3份;2份立即置于含0.1%DEPC(ddH2O配制)處理的1 mL PBS緩沖液中,-70℃保存,另1份用4%多聚甲醛固定,石蠟包埋。本研究經2醫院醫學倫理委員會批準,患者均簽署知情同意書。

1.2主要儀器及試劑Thermo Electron Hybaid PCR Express熱循環儀(英國HYBAID公司);Eppendorf Biophotometer核酸蛋白測定儀(德國Eppendorf公司);GelDoc凝膠成像系統、Trizol試劑(Life technologies公司);逆轉錄試劑盒(Vazyme公司);PCR試劑盒(TaKaRa公司);鼠抗人Sox2單克隆抗體(德國Milipore公司);免疫組織化學(SP)法試劑盒和DAB顯色劑(武漢博士德公司)。

1.3總RNA提取和逆轉錄用組織碾磨器把胃癌組織和癌旁組織分別研碎成細胞懸液,過濾后的單細胞懸液經離心后沉淀,按Trizol試劑說明書操作提取總RNA,核酸蛋白檢測儀檢測各樣本的總RNA濃度和純度,取吸光度(A260/280)在1.7~2.0之間的樣本用于后續試驗。用瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測RNA完整性,紫外線燈下出現28S、18S和5S區帶,表明RNA的完整性好。按逆轉錄試劑盒說明書操作進行逆轉錄反應合成cDNA,置-20℃保存。剩余總RNA置-70℃保存備用。

1.4引物設計用Primer Premier 5.0引物設計軟件跨外顯子設計Sox2與β-actin基因(GenBank序列號分別為NM_ 003106.3、NM_001101.3)。Sox2序列:上游5′- ACACCAATCCCATCCACACT- 3′,下游5′- GCAAACTTCCTGCAAAGCTC-3′,產物長度224 bp。β-actin引物序列:上游5′-CACGAAACTACCTTCAACTCC-3′,下游5′-CATACTCCTGCTTGCTGATC-3′,產物長度265 bp。引物均由上海英濰捷基(上海)貿易有限公司合成。

1.5 RT-PCR檢測及半定量分析總反應體系為20 μL,包括10×buffer(Mg2 +濃度為25 mmol/L)2.5 μL,10 mmol/L dNTP 0.5 μL,10 nmol/L上、下游引物各0.5 μL,5 U/μL Taq 酶0.2 μL,cDNA模板1 μL,ddH2O補足至20 μL。循環參數:94℃5 min;94℃30 s,Sox2(60℃)、β-actin(56℃)30 s,72℃30 s,共35個循環;72℃10 min。實驗重復3次,取5 μL擴增產物進行10 g/L瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,溴化乙錠染色后用凝膠成像儀觀察拍照,并運用Image tool分析軟件計算Sox2及β-actin條帶的A值,半定量分析胃癌組織及對應癌旁組織Sox2 mRNA表達的相對強度(Sox2/β-actin),記錄3次結果進行半定量分析。

1.6 SP法檢測Sox2蛋白表達Sox2抗體按1:100稀釋,PBS代替一抗作陰性對照,嚴格按SP試劑盒說明書進行操作。Sox2陽性表達主要定位于細胞核,呈淡黃色、棕黃色及棕褐色顆粒,每張切片均由2名病理科中級以上醫師進行雙盲法閱片,隨機讀取5個高倍鏡視野(×200)進行觀察,采用染色強度結合陽性細胞百分率雙評分進行半定量計分,按陽性細胞百分率評分:0分(無陽性)、1分(<10%)、2分(10%~35%)、3分(>35%~75%)、4分(>75%);按染色強度評分:0分(不著色)、1分(淡黃色)、2分(棕黃色)、3分(棕褐色)。結果判定:兩種評分相乘所得的半定量計分0~1分為陰性, 2分為陽性。

1.7統計學方法采用SPSS 13.0統計軟件進行數據處理。符合正態分布的計量資料以均數±標準差表示,2組間比較進行配對t檢驗。計數資料以例(%)表示,組間比較行χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

2 結果

2.1 2組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達率比較胃癌組Sox2 mRNA的陽性表達率(53.3%,32/60)高于癌旁組(20.0%,12/60,χ2=14.35,P<0.01),見圖1;胃癌組Sox2 mRNA相對表達強度顯著高于癌旁組(0.724± 0.209 vs. 0.256±0.065,t=16.56,P<0.01)。

2.2 2組間Sox2蛋白陽性表達率比較胃癌組Sox2蛋白的陽性表達率(50.0%,30/60)顯著高于癌旁組(16.7%,10/60,χ2=15.00,P<0.01),見圖2。

2.3胃癌組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達與臨床病理參數的關系胃癌組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達率臨床TNM分期(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)組高于(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)組,低、未分化組高于中、高分化組,浸潤深度T3~T4組高于T1~T2組,淋巴結轉移組高于無轉移組(均P<0.05或P<0.01),見表1。

1~7:胃癌組(T)與對應癌旁組(N);B:空白對照;M:DNA Marker DL 2 000Fig.1 Expression of Sox2 mRNA in gastric cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissues by agarose gel electrophoresis圖1 胃癌及癌旁組Sox2 mRNA表達的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳

Fig. 2 The positive expression of Sox2 protein in adjacent noncancerous and gastric cancer tissues(SP,×200)圖2 癌旁組和胃癌組Sox2蛋白陽性表達(SP,×200)

3 討論

Sox2基因定位于人類3號染色體(3q26.3-q27),屬于Sox超家族的SoxB1組,其編碼是由317個氨基酸組成。Sox2由氨基末端域、HMG區域及轉錄激活域3個主要區域組成。Sox2作為干細胞核心轉錄因子,協同Nanog、Oct3/4對維持胚胎干細胞多能性以及特定組織成體干細胞(adult stem cells,ASCs)自我更新的能力具有關鍵性的作用[6,11]。Sox2 在CSCs中表達水平相比較ASCs增高,在維持CSCs的永生及侵襲性過程中起重要作用[5]。近年來越來越多的研究表明,Sox2在多種實體瘤中異常表達,如在乳腺癌[12]、食管癌[13]、膀胱癌[14]、前列腺癌[15]、肝癌[16]、卵巢上皮性癌[17]等中表達升高,可能具有癌基因的致瘤作用。本研究結果顯示,胃癌組中Sox2 mRNA及蛋白表達水平顯著高于癌旁組,另外,胃癌組Sox2 mRNA陽性表達率臨床TNM分期(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)組高于(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)組,低、未分化組高于中、高分化組,浸潤深度T3~T4組高于T1~T2組,淋巴結轉移組高于無轉移組,證實Sox2參與了胃癌的發生、發展、侵襲及轉移過程。有研究認為,Sox2參與胰腺癌的侵襲與轉移,敲除胰腺癌細胞中Sox2后可經由p21Cip1和p27Kip1轉錄誘導,進而通過細胞周期停滯(非凋亡)而導致細胞生長受抑制[5]。

Tab. 1 Relationship between Sox2 expression andclinicopathological parameters in 60 gastric cancer patients表1 胃癌組Sox2表達與臨床病理參數的關系

但目前國內外學者對胃癌等腫瘤中Sox2 mRNA及蛋白表達的具體作用尚存在爭議。有研究認為Sox2具有癌基因作用,能促進腫瘤的發生和發展[18];但另有研究表明其具有抑癌基因的功能,能抑制腫瘤的發生和發展,并認為這可能與腫瘤組織異質性及抗體特異性等因素的差異有關[19]。Matsuoka等[18]研究顯示,胃癌組中干細胞標志物Sox2的陽性表達與胃癌發生相關,并與其浸潤深度、TNM分期及淋巴結轉移有關,與本研究結果基本一致。此外,本研究結果顯示,Sox2 mRNA表達還與其分化程度相關,低、未分化組高于中、高分化組,提示Sox2表達升高的腫瘤細胞分化程度較低[6];Sox2的陽性表達與其去分化狀態有關[20]。另有研究認為,Sox2是多效性的原癌基因,其能誘導鱗癌標記腫瘤相關因子p63和角蛋白6的表達,調控鱗癌發生,并與CSCs的分化、侵襲與遷移相關[9]。Sox2可通過調控WNT/β-catenin信號通路使上皮細胞發生間質轉化(epithelial-mensenchymal transition,EMT)[10]。Sox2是多種類型腫瘤中的譜系生存性癌基因,可促進腫瘤發生;Sox2可通過上調Snail、Slug和Twist這3種主要蛋白來促進EMT及胃癌擴散與轉移,Sox2過表達能通過CyclinD3(CCND3)轉錄誘導而促進細胞過度增殖[21]。Hütz等[7]研究證實,胃癌組中Sox2具有癌基因作用。Tian等[22]研究顯示,從胃癌組中成功檢測出高表達的Sox2,癌組織中Sox2的陽性表達率顯著高于癌旁組,其陽性表達率與胃癌分化程度及有無淋巴結轉移相關,與本研究結果相符。

綜上所述,本研究從轉錄及翻譯水平上檢測了CSCs標志物Sox2在胃癌發生進展中的癌基因作用,Sox2可作為胃癌基因診斷及靶向治療潛在的新的分子標志物?;赟ox2在GCSCs形成腫瘤過程中的重要作用,進一步研究Sox2在胃癌侵襲轉移、增殖及致瘤過程中的作用機制具有重要的臨床意義。

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(2015-11-05收稿2016-01-04修回)(本文編輯陸榮展)

Expression and clinical significance of stem cell marker Sox2 in human gastric cancer

CHEN Zhong1,XIE Feng2,ZHONG Fengyun3,DU Hong4,YAN Yongmin5,QIAN Hui5
1 Clinical Laboratory,2 General Surgery,Suzhou Yongding Hospital,Suzhou 215200,China;3 General Surgery,4 Clinical Laboratory,the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University;5 School of Medicine,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine,Jiangsu University

Objective To detect the expression of stem cell marker Sox2 in gastric cancer(GC). Methods The mRNA and protein expressions of Sox2 in paired primary tumor tissues and their matching,adjacent non-cancerous tissues in a series of 60 cases of human GC were examined by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR)and immunohistochemistry (IHC).χ2test was used to analyze the correlation of Sox2 expression with clinicopathological parameters of GC tissues including age,gender,tumor size,histological type,TNM stage,differentiation degree,depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Results RT-PCR results showed that the positive rate of Sox2 expression was significantly increased in gastric tumor tissues(53.3%,32/60)compared with that of matching,adjacent non-cancerous tissues(20.0%,12/60,P<0.01). Semi-quantitative analysis showed that the relative intensity of Sox2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues(0.724±0.209)than that in tissues adjacent to carcinoma(0.256±0.065,P<0.01). The positive expression of Sox2 was significantly higher in gastric tumor tissues(50.0%,30/60)than that of matching,adjacent non-cancerous tissues (16.7%,10/60,P<0.01). The positive expression of Sox2 was significantly higher in gastric tumor patients with TNM stage(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)than that of TNM stage(Ⅰ+Ⅱ). The positive expression of Sox2 was significantly higher in gastric tumor patients with low differentiation and undifferentiated tumor cells than that of patients with middle and high differented cells. The positive expression of Sox2 was also significantly higher in gastric tumor patients with the depth of invasion T3-T4than that of patients with T1-T2. The positive expression of Sox2 was significantly higher in gastric tumor patients with lymph node metastasis than that of patients without lymph node metastasis(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The elevated expression of Sox2 is associated with the initiation,invasion,progression,and metastasis of GC. Sox2 may serve as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic marker for human GC.

stomach neoplasms;neoplastic stem cells;genes,tumor suppressor;immunohistochemistry;reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction;SRY-related HMG-box gene 2

R735.2

A

10.11958/20150286

蘇州市科技發展計劃項目(SYSD2012048)

1蘇州永鼎醫院檢驗科(郵編215200),2普通外科;3蘇州大學附屬第二醫院普通外科,4檢驗科;5江蘇大學醫學院,江蘇省檢驗醫學重點實驗室

陳忠(1968),男,副主任技師,碩士,主要從事血液及腫瘤分子生物學診斷研究

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