印度歷史古城與世界遺產：成就與挑戰

希哈·賈因/Shikha Jain

1 印度歷史古城遺產管理簡介

印度乃至整個亞洲的歷史古城具有極為重要的遺產價值，這體現在第十八屆聯合國教科文組織全體大會由外部觀察員提交的全球戰略報告中。盡管如此，報告亦表達了對其保護狀態的擔憂：“在亞洲，城市建筑群的保護在有些國家和地區并未得到任何法律保障，例如在印度——盡管它擁有卓越的城市遺產。中亞的遺產也未得到足夠的重視”[1]27。

而聯合國教科文組織南亞分部的報告亦顯示：“在印度，幾乎所有城市都擁有遺產構成要素。在印度人口超過5 萬人的130 座城鎮和聚落中，有35座擁有國際認可的遺產地，包括那些列入世界遺產名錄或預備目錄的項目，另外還有35 座是朝圣旅游目的地，50 座擁有多項印度國家文物局、邦文保部門、市鎮機構認定的遺產，4 座擁有少量此類遺產，還有6 座擁有知名的地方手工藝。如果我們考察這一清單，印度大城市目錄 （即人口超過100 萬的城市）中有50%的城市因歷史遺產而聞名。然而，只有極少數邦政府擁有認定城市遺產的系統，包括卡納塔克邦和泰米爾納德邦這樣擁有著名遺產城市及遺產地的地方”[2]。

直到1995 年，印度才第一次形成了一種城市遺產保護的策略——孟買和海得拉巴率先頒布了專門的遺產管理條例，并在市政府專設遺產辦公室，該辦公室主要從事遺產名錄登記及管理的工作。這一行動在1995 年得到國家環境部的采納，在此基礎上頒布了《國家標準遺產條例》，供印度各地歷史古城的地方管理部門參考。盡管諸如拉賈斯坦邦部分城市的地方政府條例自從1970 年代以來就傾向于通過色彩、材料和建筑風格等元素來維持古城的歷史風貌，但通常人們還是認為，是1995 年孟買和海得拉巴城市遺產條例的形成，促成了全印度范圍內對城市遺產條例必要性的認知。2004 年，由村鎮規劃司（隸屬于城市發展部）頒布的《國家標準建筑條例》提出保護名錄內的遺產建筑、遺產范圍及3 類自然遺產。該條例同時要求，建立邦政府層面的遺產保護委員會，并對遺產建筑的所有人提供激勵措施。數據庫的缺乏使得這些條例的實施過程面臨巨大困難。所有歷史古城都需要建立遺產保護委員會或遺產辦公室來填補這一職能空缺。包括艾哈邁德巴德、阿格拉、清奈、海得拉巴、齋浦爾、加爾各答、孟買、那格浦爾、普恩等在內的古城，都擁有一個實職的遺產辦公室/委員會。

艾哈邁德巴德市政府（AMC）是印度第一家成立專設遺產辦公室的地方政府機構。它成功地在 《基本發展控制條例》中增加了一條修正案，以禁止任何未經遺產辦公室允許的對遺產建筑的拆除。2001年，共有12,502 座遺產建筑列入了名錄。

不過，城市層面的遺產管理規劃的提出以及國家城市發展部對城市歷史遺產保護規劃的認可，都要晚得多。2007 年的《齋浦爾遺產管理規劃》是印度最早的城市層面遺產規劃之一，此后馬杜賴和瓦拉納西也在2008-2009 年做了類似嘗試。這些單個城市的動議得到了國家城市發展部的認可，由此帶來的影響是在2013 年城市更新工程中1），遺產保護規劃被納入修正后的城市發展規劃工具包之中。對于過去這些城市更新項目的反思及對專注于遺產的古城發展規劃的需求，推動印度政府于2015 年1 月21 日出臺了《國家遺產城市發展及擴張法則》2），目標是讓城市規劃、經濟發展與遺產保護相互包容協調，繼而保護12 座在錄遺產城市的歷史遺產特征。有趣的是，甚至在2015 年印度國家智慧城市工程頒布的100 個《智慧城市規劃》方案中，多座城市的規劃項目都關注了城市遺產的保護3）。此外，至2019 年，已有部分城市將遺產的關切納入到邦或城市層面的總體規劃中，包括艾哈邁德巴德、阿姆利則、布巴內什瓦爾、德里、齋浦爾、海得拉巴、昌迪加爾、孟買、邁索爾。

2 世界遺產城市的申報過程

在意識到“歷史古城/鎮”類別是印度世界遺產及預備名錄項目的一大缺口之后，印度文化部在2012-2015 年的申遺預備名錄中重點篩選了歷史城市的候選者。當時，艾哈邁德巴德、德里和孟買的裝飾藝術風格城區是僅有的3 個列入預備名錄的城市遺產，且沒有一項成功申遺。在對預備名錄的修訂過程中，諸如齋浦爾、?？防酥x特拉、布巴內什瓦爾等更多城市都在專家推薦下加入了名錄，這些專家來自印度文化部下屬的世界遺產事務咨詢委員會。預備名錄的修訂過程是開放、包容的，所有邦政府與協會組織都可以從各自領域內提出推薦項目。最后征集到的提名項目超過250 項，其中超過20 項是歷史城市。然而，考慮到印度極豐富的城市遺產，也只有最具代表性、具有潛在“突出普遍價值”的項目，方能入選預備名錄。

2015 年列入印度申遺預備目錄的城市便開始強化遺產管理，準備提名材料的建檔。實際上，艾哈邁德巴德、齋浦爾和孟買3 座城市早已在印度的城市遺產保護及管理進程中創造了里程碑——艾哈邁德巴德是第一座專設遺產辦公室并列出城市遺產清單的城市，齋浦爾是第一座頒布建成遺產管理規劃的城市，而孟買則是第一座發布市級遺產條例的城市。這些城市也在大范圍開展了城市遺產保護工程，包括相關的遺產規劃、名錄和條例的編制。這些城市的檔案及遺產管理規劃進一步得到了印度國家文物局及文化部世界遺產事務咨詢委員會的支持和幫助。

2017 年，艾哈邁德巴德成為印度第一座列入世界遺產名錄的城市，接著是2018 年的孟買裝飾藝術風格城區及2019 年的齋浦爾古城。下面這些由世界遺產委員會撰寫的文字，概括了這幾個城市歷史遺產的突出普遍價值：

（1）艾哈邁德巴德古城：城墻包圍的艾哈邁德巴德展現了15 世紀蘇丹國時期的豐富建筑遺產，尤其是將伊斯蘭城市規劃原則與當地印度教智慧相結合。城市肌理是由傳統封閉式街區（pura）及其中密集排布的傳統住宅（pols）所組成的，街區中的特征構筑物包括喂鳥器、公共水井及宗教設施。它的遺產價值包含標準ii、標準v。

（2）孟買的維多利亞時期新哥特風格及裝飾藝術風格城區：在19 世紀下半葉，孟買成為全球性貿易中心之后，開展了極具雄心的城市規劃項目。首先是圍繞橢圓梅丹廣場建造了一系列公共建筑，最初采用維多利亞時期的新哥特風格，20 世紀初則轉向裝飾藝術風格。維多利亞風格的建筑亦融入了適應當地氣候的印度元素，如開放陽臺和門廊。而包括電影院和住宅建筑在內的裝飾藝術風格建筑，則將印度設計與裝飾藝術的想象力相融合，創造出一種被稱作“印度裝飾主義”的獨特風格。這兩組建筑見證了孟買在19-20 世紀經歷的現代化進程。它的遺產價值包含標準ii 和iv。

1 艾哈邁德巴德傳統住宅區/View inside Ahemdabad city pols area

2 維多利亞哥特式空間，孟買威爾士王子博物館游客中心/ Victorian Gothic space, CSMVS Mumbai

3 在北部丘陵背景下的3座巴扎和城市宮殿，齋浦爾/Triploiya Bazzar and City Palace set against the backdrop of northern hills, Jaipur

1 Introduction to historic cities heritage management in India

Historic cities in India and Asia have significant heritage value as also recorded in the External Auditor's report on Global Strategy at the 18th UNESCO General Assembly though their preservation is expressed as a concern. "In Asia, the preservation of urban ensembles is not covered by any legislation in some States Parties, as for example India, although it has remarkable urban heritage. Heritage of Central Asia remains underrepresented"[1]27.

As per UNESCO South Asia Cluster Office report: "In India, virtually all cities have heritage components. Out of 130 cities, towns and settlements in India with population more than 50,000, 35 have internationally-recognised heritage sites including those listed on UNESCO World Heritage list or tentative list, 35 are recognised for pilgrim tourism, 50 are rich in heritage structures recognised by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State Archaeology Departments, or Municipal Corporations, four have limited number of heritage structures, and six are well known for local crafts. If we go by this list, 50% of cities in the metropolitan category in India (cities with more than one million population) are cities well known for their heritage. Very few states however have a system to recognise urban heritage such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu that have notified heritage cities and places"[2].

It was in the year 1995 that an urban conservation approach for India was first realised when special Heritage Byelaws were adopted by the two cities Mumbai and Hyderabad with Special Heritage Cell created in these Municipal bodies for heritage listing and management. This approach was adopted by the Central Ministry of Environment in 1995 itself to develop Model Heritage Byelaws that could be used by the local bodies of historic cities in India. Though some of the local municipal acts in cities of Rajasthan state of India like reflect the intention of retaining historic character of walled cities in terms of colour, material and architectural style since the 1970s, it is usually the 1995 phase of formation of heritage acts in Mumbai and Hyderabad that is credited for pan India realisation for the need of urban heritage laws. Model building byelaws framed by the Town and Country Planning Organisation (Ministry of Urban Development) in 2004 protect listed heritage buildings, heritage precincts, and natural heritage as per Grade I, II, and III categorisation. The byelaws also require formation of a Heritage Conservation Committee for the state and provide incentives to owners of heritage buildings. The lack of database makes the implementation of the byelaws a big challenge. Heritage Conservation Committee or Heritage Cell to address this capacity gap is to be constituted by all historic cities. Ahmedabad, Agra, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur and Pune are some of the cities that have a functioning Heritage Cell/Committee.

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is the first local government body in India to establish a dedicated Heritage Cell. It achieved an amendment in General Development Control Regulations to prevent demolition of heritage buildings without the permission of the Heritage Cell. 12,502 heritage buildings were listed in 2001.

Preparation of a city level heritage management plan and recognition of urban conservation planning by the Ministry of Urban Development in India came much later. The Jaipur Heritage Management Plan prepared in 2007 is recorded as one of the first initiative of a city level heritage plan in India followed by similar attempts for the city of Madurai and Varanasi in 2008-2009. These singular city initiatives were recognised by the Ministry of Urban Development and impacted the inclusion of heritage management plans in the revised city development plan toolkit under urban renewal mission in 20131). A review of these past urban renewal schemes and the need for heritage focused on development for historic Indian cities led to the introduction of the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)2)launched on 21 January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of 12 identified heritage cities. Interestingly, even the Smart City Plans for 100 cities announced under the Smart Cities Mission in India in 2015 shows several city plans and projects focused on urban heritage conservation3). Besides this, cities that have heritage sector incorporated in master plans as State and City initiative by 2019 are Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bhubaneshwar, Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Mumbai, Mysore.

2 Journey to world heritage city status

Recognising that "Historic Cities/Town" Category is a gap in India's World Heritage and Tentative List; the Ministry of Culture, India reviewed inclusion of historic cities during the revision of entire Tentative List of India from 2012-2015. Until then, Ahmedabad city, Delhi and the urban ensemble of Art Deco Mumbai were the only three urban heritages placed on the tentative list with not a single city inscribed on the list. During the process of revision of Tentative List, more historic cities such as Jaipur and Ekamra Kshetra, Bhubaneswar were added to the list on recommendations of the experts involved in reviewing the tentative list of India through the Advisory Committee on World Heritage Matters under the Ministry of Culture. The process of revision of Tentative List of India was an inclusive and consultative one where all States and Union Territories were asked to propose sites from their areas. The total number of proposals received were more than 250 in number and included more than 20 historic cities of India. However, considering the vast quantum of urban heritage in India only the most significant ones qualifying for potential OUV were selected for the tentative list. It was suggested that India should undertake a thematic study on its remaining historic cities to further categorise and select more to be placed on the Tentative List.

The cities on the Tentative List of India by 2015 then made a special effort to strengthen their status of management and prepare nomination dossiers. Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Mumbai already had created benchmarks in urban conservation and management in India with Ahmedabad being the first city to create a Heritage Cell and list its urban heritage, Jaipur being the first to prepare a built heritage management plan and Mumbai being the first to adopt Municipal level Heritage Byelaws. These cities also had undertaken urban conservation projects at large scale linked with heritage planning, listing and byelaws. Dossiers and Management Plans for these cities were further reviewed and supported by inputs from the Archaeological Survey of India and Advisory Committee on World Heritage Matters under the Ministry of Culture.

Ahmedabad became the first city from India to be inscribed on its World Heritage List in 2017 followed by the urban ensemble of Art Deco Mumbai in 2018 and Jaipur Walled City in 2019. Following text as adopted by UNESCO World Heritage Committee outlines the OUV for each urban historic core:

(1) HISTORIC CITY OF AHMADABAD: The walled city of Ahmadabad presents a rich architectural heritage from the sultanate period in the 15th century and, is recognised for its Islamic city planning integrated with local Hindu idioms. The urban fabric is made up of densely-packed traditional houses (pols) in gated traditional streets (puras) with characteristic features such as bird feeders, public wells and religious institutions. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (v)

(2) VICTORIAN GOTHIC AND ART DECO ENSEMBLES OF MUMBAI: Having become a global trading centre, the city of Mumbai implemented an ambitious urban planning project in the second half of the 19th century. It led to the construction of ensembles of public buildings bordering the Oval Maidan open space, first in the Victorian Neo-Gothic style and then, in the early 20th century, in the Art Deco idiom. The Victorian ensemble includes Indian elements suited to the climate, including balconies and verandas. The Art Deco edifices, with their cinemas and residential buildings, blend Indian design with Art Deco imagery, creating a unique style that has been described as Indo-Deco. These two ensembles bear testimony to the phases of modernisation that Mumbai has undergone in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (iv)

(3) JAIPUR CITY: The fortified city of Jaipur, in India's north-western state of Rajasthan was founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II. Unlike other cities in the region located in hilly terrain, Jaipur was established on the plain and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture. The streets feature continuous colonnaded businesses that intersect in the centre, creating large public squares called chaupars. Markets, stalls, residences and temples built along the main streets have uniform facades. The city's urban planning shows an exchange of ideas from ancient Hindu and modern Mughal as well as Western cultures. The grid plan is a model that prevails in the West, while the organisation of the different districts refers to traditional Hindu concepts. Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (iv)

Criterion (vi)

3 Jaipur City on World Heritage List 2019: commitments to management

Jaipur is located amidst the Aravalli hill ranges at an altitude of approximately 430 metres above mean sea level. The city is part of Jaipur district situated in the north eastern part of the state of Rajasthan, India and is an exceptional urban example of indigenous city planning in South Asia.

4 齋浦爾古城認定的遺產要素地圖/Mapping of attributes for Jaipur City nomination

（3）齋浦爾古城：防御性古城齋浦爾位于印度西北部拉賈斯坦邦，由薩瓦伊·杰伊·辛格二世于1727 年建立。與該地區大部分位于山丘上的城市不同，齋浦爾建立在平原上，采取了一種源自吠陀建筑思想的格網平面。街道上擁有連續的拱廊商業街，它們匯聚于市中心，形成被稱作“楚帕爾”的大型公共廣場。沿著主要街道上的集市、商鋪、住宅和神廟都采用了整齊劃一的立面風格。齋浦爾的城市規劃展現了古印度文明、現代莫臥兒文明與西方文明思想的交融互通。盡管格網平面是西方世界常見的模型，但不同街區的組織卻源自傳統印度教理念。齋浦爾作為一座規劃的商業之都，至今依然保持著它的地方商業、手工藝及創業傳統。它的遺產價值包含標準ii、iv 和vi。

3 齋浦爾古城于2019年列入世界遺產名錄：對遺產管理的使命

齋浦爾坐落于阿拉瓦利山脈，海拔約430m。這座城市屬于印度拉賈斯坦邦北部的齋浦爾區，是南亞地區城市規劃實踐的卓越案例。齋浦爾的規劃顯著不同于當時盛行的中世紀規劃——即聚落以一種偏于有機的方式發展（在歷史長時段中逐步成型，可見不同時期的片層，回應了地方的地理、地形、氣候和社會文化體系，如種姓制度、職業等），它通過一步到位的規劃和建設，采取了一種基于印度教信仰體系的格網模型及傳統建筑和規劃原則。這種模式后來也成為很多19 世紀印度城鎮爭相效仿的樣本。齋浦爾由薩瓦伊·杰伊·辛格二世 （1700-1743年在位）下令建設，整座城市建設如同一項巨大工程，大部分城市基礎設施、公共建筑及皇家建筑都是在1727-1731 年的4 年間建成的，這座全新的城市隨即開啟了人居的歷史[3]。

齋浦爾是18 世紀印度的天文學知識、歷史價值、獨特的城市形式和極富遠見的城市規劃理念的共同表達。它的城市形態體現了東方和西方規劃元素的融合，它所表達的“商貿城市”文化及城市景觀在南亞是無與倫比的[3]。它最初被設計為一座貿易之都，因此城市中的主要街道都是沿街商鋪，這至今仍是這座城市中特色巴扎的所在?！俺翣枴?，這種交叉路口的放大公共廣場，也是齋浦爾的另一顯著特色；此外還包括具有多個內院的聯排住宅及城市廟宇。戈文德維吉寺、皇宮、簡塔曼塔天文臺，以及風之宮殿等，都是該時期藝術與建筑成就的典范。

自從建立以來，齋浦爾就不斷吸引著世界各地

的游人，包括18-20 世紀的歐洲旅行者。而它杰出的規劃實踐也讓諸多研究者、學者和城市規劃者著迷。在印度獨立后，這些外界因素也對歷史城市的保護和維護造成日益嚴峻的壓力。然而，齋浦爾自從1970 年代、即市級遺產法案形成期間，便有意識地開始采取遺產保護措施，這使它得以保持與其早期城市規劃相關聯的建筑特征、城市形態及“粉紅色”基調。自從齋浦爾在1949 年成為拉賈斯坦邦首府，很多國際組織、非政府組織及當地政府機構都采取了多種手段[4]，共同保護城墻內的老城。

In a remarkable difference from the predominant medieval practices, where settlements developed in a more organic manner (that grew over a longer period of time, in layers, in response to local geography, topography, climate and socio-cultural systems including caste system and occupation), Jaipur was conceived and developed in a single phase with a grid-iron model and principles of traditional architecture and town planning based on Hindu religious belief systems, that later became a trendsetter for many 19th century towns of India. Built under the patronage of Sawai Raja Jai Singh II (rule 1700-1743 CE), a project approach was taken towards the city construction and most of the city infrastructure as well as public and royal spaces were completed within a span of four years, from 1727-1731 CE and the city was thrown open for habitation[3].

Jaipur is an expression of the astronomic skills, historic values, unique urban form and exemplary foresighted city planning of an 18th century city in India. Its urban morphology reflected the coming together of elements from eastern and western planning, expressing a culture of a "trade and commerce city" and townscape that are unparalleled anywhere in South Asia[3]. Envisaged as a trade capital, the main avenues of the city were designed as markets, which remain characteristic bazaars of the city. Chaupar, or designed large public squares at the intersection of roads, are another feature distinctive to Jaipur, as are its single to multicourt havelis and haveli temples. Additionally, its iconic monuments such as the Govind Devji temple, the City Palace, the Jantar Mantar and the Hawa Mahal excel in artistic and architectural craftsmanship of the period.

Since its inception, the city has been an international tourist destination, visited by European traveliers in 18th-20th centuries and its extraordinary planning has fascinated many researchers, academicians and urban planners. These factors have increasingly put pressure for the conservation and sustenance of this historic city more so in the post-Independence period. However, Jaipur has consciously adopted heritage conservation measures since the 1970s during the formulation of byelaws in the Municipalities Act that allow it to retain the architectural character, urban form and "pink colour" associated with its earlier planning. Several conservation initiatives[4]for the walled city have been taken by international organisations, NGOs and local government authorities since Jaipur became the capital of the State of Rajasthan in 1949.

The urban and architectural components of the city retain their original form and design as conceived from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. Also materials are largely retained as per original, primarily lime and stone. In some cases, later the 21st century structures in concrete are added, although they incorporate elements of the original architectural vocabulary and form. The use and function of most royal and public spaces and monuments is now adapted to contemporary requirement of public places visited by all, while the shops, temples and private houses largely retain their original use and continue to function in the same manner as historically planned. The structures in the walled city are in good state of conservation. Overall, the urban character of the city remains in its original shape with the city gates, walls, major iconic monuments and bazaars. Intangible values of the city associated with the city God Govind Devji and worship of other deities in various temples continue along with public festivals and rituals.

Listed under the UNESCO Creative Cities Network4), Jaipur showcases its rich and vibrant creative heritage on a global platform and encourages innovation and local capacity building.

Jaipur is the first city in India to prepare a city level Heritage Management Plan in 2007, which is now included in the Jaipur Master Plan 2025, and was recognised as a Best Practice by the Ministry of Urban Development. Its urban conservation initiatives for the bazaars in 2013-2014 were recognised by national awards and conservation of remaining 9 bazaars along with Rajasthan School of Arts and other iconic structures are currently being implemented through the Jaipur Smart City Plan[5].

The Municipalities Act of 2009 (amendment) and Jaipur Building Byelaws 1970 guide the architectural control on urban character of Jaipur which has helped in retaining the original architectural form of the bazaars. Besides these, Jaipur City has also developed specific architectural control guidelines for its various bazaars recognising the distinct features of each bazaar. The World Heritage Site of Jantar Mantar, including major urban monuments of Jaipur such as the Hawa Mahal, the City Palace, the Jaleb Chowk and the Town Hall in the buffer area, are protected and managed through its Site Management Plan, which is also a component of the Jaipur City Master Plan[6]. All these aspects have helped Jaipur walled city to retain its authenticity in terms of material, colour, spirit and location.

Specific urban renewal proposals were implemented for the main bazaars of Jaipur under the Jawahar Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission, partially funded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides this, a comprehensive mobility plan for the city was prepared which identified the need for a Metro system with parking zones in the nominated property. Conservation works on three bazaars, one heritage walk in the inner street area, street and pavement upgrades of major bazaars and initiation of an underground Metro line were some of the major works carried out under this proposal that were partially funded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

5 齋浦爾古城內簡塔曼塔天文臺世界遺產鳥瞰/Aerial view of Jantar Mantar World Heritage Site inside Walled City of Jaipur

6 西雷迪奧里巴扎與風之宮殿，齋浦爾/Sireh Deori Bazzar with the Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

如今，齋浦爾的城市及建筑元素依然保持著18-20 世紀初的原始形態及設計。建筑材料也基本維持原狀，主要為石灰和石材，也存在少量21 世紀的新建筑采取混凝土結構，但它們都結合了傳統建筑語匯及形式要素。大部分皇家建筑和公共紀念碑，如今也都適應于作為公共建筑面向所有人開放的當代需求；商店、廟宇和私人住宅則大多維持過去的功能，依然延續著最初城市規劃中規定的職能。老城中的建筑物大多得到較好的修繕保護。整體上，齋浦爾的城市特征基本保持了原有形態，包括城門、城墻、主要標志建筑及巴扎。城市的非物質文化價值，例如與城市主神戈文德維或其他神靈祭祀相關的神廟，依然隨著公共節日及習俗得以延續。

齋浦爾也加入了聯合國教科文組織的“創新城市網絡”4），由此在國際平臺上展示了它豐富而充滿創造活力的城市遺產，并持續鼓勵創新和地方能動性的建設。

2007 年，齋浦爾成為印度第一座頒布城市層面遺產管理規劃的古城，如今這一規劃也納入《2025年齋浦爾城市總體規劃》，并被國家城市發展部評為年度最佳實踐。2013-2014 年的城市巴扎保護項目亦得到國家級獎項的認可，針對剩余9 個巴扎及拉賈斯坦藝術學院等標志性建筑的遺產保護項目正在《齋浦爾智慧城市規劃》的框架下得以實施[5]。2009 年的《齋浦爾市立法案（修正案）》及1970年的《齋浦爾建筑條例》都對建筑與城市風貌的協調控制做出了規定，這也幫助維護了巴扎的原有建筑特征。此外，齋浦爾還為各個不同巴扎出臺專門的建筑控制導則，以此保護每個巴扎的個性特征。包括作為世界文化遺產的簡塔曼塔天文臺，還有風之宮殿、皇宮、賈勒布市場，以及處在緩沖區的市政廳等主要標志性建筑，都借助《齋浦爾遺產管理規劃》得到有效的保護及管控，這都納入了《2025年齋浦爾城市總體規劃》。這些因素共同促進齋浦爾古城在材質、顏色、精神內涵及國際地位上維持了較高的尊嚴。

在賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯城市更新計劃的主導下，齋浦爾的主要巴扎都得到了專設城市更新項目的贊助，部分資金來自印度國家政府的城市發展部。此外，當地還提出一項綜合的城市機動性規劃，提出有必要建造與特定區域的停車場相配合的地鐵系統。在這項部分由國家城市發展部資助的更新項目安排下，很多重大工程得以開展，包括3 座巴扎的遺產保護工作、老城核心區的遺產參觀步行路線建設、主要巴扎的街道及人行道升級改造、地鐵線路的開工建設等等。

2007 年以來，齋浦爾所有12 座巴扎都完全維持了原始立面，盡管還存在一些之前建造的建筑物。由于2009-2013 年開展的一項巴扎建筑立面保護項目，其中3 座巴扎——包括楚拉拉斯塔巴扎、提里波利亞巴扎、霍利巴扎——都進入了很好的遺產保護狀態。此外開展的工作還包括對有結構隱患的建筑進行加固，對特定城市住宅立面進行藝術裝飾物的修復等等。

2007 年，齋浦爾頒布了《建成遺產管理規劃》，目的是將遺產保護與城市更新、可持續旅游發展相結合，同時幫助提升城市的社會經濟韌性，提供必需的技術和人力資源支持，從而在可持續路徑下實現遺產相關的城市服務[4]。這項規劃成為任何未來新規劃的重要參考，包括2016 年的《齋浦爾智慧城市規劃》[6]20-25。根據《2025 年齋浦爾城市總體規劃》，城墻內的歷史古城區是得到專門保護的遺產區，一切相關的遺產保護規劃都需要受到詳盡的遺產管理規劃或政府機構強制性提供的項目報告的管控。政府遺產辦公室也正在修訂和加強遺產區、緩沖區及相關建筑的保護條例。

在智慧城市規劃的最終評選中，國家城市發展部將齋浦爾的《智慧城市區遺產旅游愿景規劃》列為全國100 個城市規劃中的第三名。這項規劃自2016 年以來已付諸實施，它關注于執行指定區域的城市保護及適應性功能更新項目，與前面提到的那些城市規劃采取相似的模式。

齋浦爾古城的所有遺產保護規劃，包括前述的《建成遺產管理規劃》（2007 年頒布、2018 年修訂）、《智慧城市規劃》以及任何其他部門性規劃，如今都受到世界遺產的3 層級保護框架的統領，進而保護列入名錄的遺產類別及“突出普遍價值”。因此，齋浦爾市政府的遺產辦公室也建立了一種地方層面的協調機制，要受到城市總規劃師的技術遺產委員會的管理，并最終接受拉賈斯坦邦議會的高級邦委會的監督，后者代表了印度國家文物局的權威（這也是世界遺產委員會在印度的代理機構）。齋浦爾依然致力于遺產保護和管理事業，當下其老城區域正在籌備2025 年齋浦爾城市總體規劃旗下的詳細特殊遺產區規劃，還包括詳細的建筑遺產清單、城墻保護、對一切遺產保護區內項目開展的遺產影響評估，以及即將在2020 年12 月前向世界遺產委員會提交的一份整體性闡釋規劃?！?/p>

注釋/Notes

1）詳見/See also: http://jnnurm.nic.in/toolkitsreport-primers.html.

2）詳見/See also: http://hridayindia.in/.

3）詳見/See also: http://smartcities.gov.in/content/.

4）詳見/See also: https://en.unesco.org/creativecities/jaipur.

All twelve bazaars have maintained the original fa?ades since 2007, though there have been some changes in the structures prior to that. Three of the bazaars, i.e. Chaura Rasta, Tripoliya and Johri bazaar, are in good state of conservation as a major conservation project was undertaken from 2009 to 2013 to conserve the fa?ades of all buildings along these bazaars. Additionally, consolidation of buildings showing structural defects was also undertaken as was specialised artwork conservation on fa?ades of specific havelis.

With an aim to integrate heritage conservation with urban renewal and sustainable tourism, to build socio-economic strength of the city and provide necessary skills and human resource requirements to deliver heritage related services in a sustainable manner, the Built Heritage Management Plan was prepared for the city of Jaipur in 2007[4]. It is used as a reference while drafting any new plans for the city such as the Jaipur Smart City Plan 2016[6]. As per Jaipur Master Plan 2025, the historic walled city area is a specially designated heritage zone and any work related to heritage conservation is guided by detailed heritage management plans and project reports implemented through mandated government agencies. Heritage cell created by the Government is in the process of revising and strengthening the byelaws for the designated heritage zones, precincts and structures.

In the final selection of Smart City Plans, the Ministry of Urban Development ranked this Heritage Tourism Vision Plan for Smart City Area of Jaipur as the 3rd amongst the list of 100 cities. This plan is currently under implementation since 2016 and it focuses on carrying out urban conservation and adaptive reuse works in the nominated area in a similar fashion as outlined in previous plans mentioned above for the city.

All previous heritage plans for Jaipur Walled City including the Built Heritage Management Plan (prepared in 2007 and revised in 2018), Smart City Plan and any other sectoral plans are now converged and guided by trilevel monitoring to address the protection of its criterion and OUV for inscription. Thus, there is a local level monitoring by the Heritage Cell of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation which is further guided by the Technical Heritage Committee under the Chief Town Planner and finally overseen by a High Level State Committee under the Chief Secretary of Rajasthan with representation from high official of Archaeological Survey of India (the nodal agency for World Heritage in India). As part of its commitment on protection and management, Jaipur Walled City is currently preparing a detailed Special Heritage Area Plan under the Jaipur Master Plan 2025 along with a detailed inventory of buildings, conservation of city walls, Heritage impact assessments for any projects to be taken up in inscribed area and an overall interpretation plan to be submitted to the World Heritage Committee by December 2020.□

7 皇宮及齋浦爾鳥瞰/City Palace and aerial view of Jaipur

參考文獻/References

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[3] JAIN S. Nomination Document for Jaipur Walled City. Jaipur Municipal Corporation, 2017, unpublished. Chapter 2&3.

[4] DRONAH and JVF. Jaipur Heritage Management Plan Built Heritage for JHERICO (Jaipur Heritage Committee). Jaipur: Government of Rajasthan, 2007.

[5] DRONAH. Detailed Project Report under Smart City Plan. Jaipur for Amber Development Management Authority and Jaipur Municipal Corporation, 2016.

[6] INTACH. Jaipur Heritage Management Plan. Compendium of Good Practices, Urban Heritage in Indian Cities, New Delhi: NIUA, 2015.

[7] DRONAH. Detailed Project Report for Urban Revitalisation of Walled City of Jaipur, Prepared under JnNURM, 2013.

[8] GOLE S. Maps and Plans of India. Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1989.

[9] HOOJA R. A History of Rajasthan. New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2006.

[10] Jaipur Development Authority. Master Development Plan-2015.

[11] JAIN K C. Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan: A Study of Culture and Civilization. Delhi, Varanasi, Patna: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972.

[12] JAIN S (ed.). Princely Terrain: Amber, Jaipur and Shekhawati. Gurgaon: Shubhi Publications, 2005.

[13] JAFA J. Royal Jaipur. Lustre Press, Roli Books, 2004.

[14] Rajasthan Municipal Act, 2009.

[15] SACHDEV V, TILLOTSON G. Building Jaipur: Making of an Indian City. London: Reaktion Books, 2001.

[16] TILLOTSON G H R. Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City. Penguin Global, 2007.

[17] TOD J. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (Vol. 1&2). New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2002.

[18] ASI Jaipur Circle at www.asijaipurcircle.nic.in.