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軟籽石榴新品種桔美人的選育

2024-04-30 10:05羅華張晉張聰寬李志強譚偉顏廷峰張立華侯樂峰
果樹學報 2024年4期
關鍵詞:軟籽鮮食石榴

羅華 張晉 張聰寬 李志強 譚偉 顏廷峰 張立華 侯樂峰

摘? ? 要:桔美人是從紅如意×Wonderful雜交后代中選育出的軟籽、紅皮石榴新品種。果實近圓球形,果皮紅色,平均單果質量452 g,平均百粒質量44.6 g。籽粒紫紅色,籽粒硬度2.12 kg·cm-2;平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.9%,總糖含量15.20%,總酸含量3.04 g·kg-1,糖酸比49.3,風味酸甜,綜合品質優異。果實發育期120 d左右,在云南蒙自地區7月中下旬成熟,5年生樹平均產量27 000 kg·hm-2。適宜在云南、四川等南方石榴產區栽培,在北方石榴產區需采取設施栽培。

關鍵詞:石榴;新品種;桔美人;軟籽;鮮食

中圖分類號:S665.4 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)04-0791-05

A new soft-seed pomegranate cultivar Jumeiren

LUO Hua1, ZHANG Jin2, ZHANG Congkuan3, LI Zhiqiang1, TAN Wei4, YAN Tingfeng1, ZHANG Lihua4*, HOU Lefeng1*

(1Zaozhuang Pomegranate Research Institute/Pomegranate National Forest Germplasm Resource Bank in Zaozhuang City, Zaozhuang 277300, Shandong, China; 2Economic Forest Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Wulumuqi 830063, Xinjiang, China; 3Yunnan Liuyuehong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Mengzi 661199, Yunnan, China; 4College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Shandong Pomegranate Deep Processing Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Province Pomegranate Resources Comprehensive Development Engineering Laboratory, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong, China)

Abstract: Jumeiren is a new soft-seed and red-skin variety derived from a cross between Hongruyi and Wonderful. In 2007, Hongruyi was used as a female parent and Wonderful as a male parent to cross, and hybrid seeds were obtained in the same year. Seed stratification was made in winter. Sowing was carried out in 2008, and 518 hybrid seedlings were obtained. A small number of hybrid seedlings bore fruits in 2011. In 2012, 26 hybrid seedlings with good fruit quality were selected for regional trials by using grafting and cuttage methods in experimental gardens of Yicheng District and Shizhong District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong province, and Shangqiu City, Henan province. In 2013, Zj2007-26 individuals with excellent performance were propagated by cuttage. After 6 years of systematic observation, it was found that the superior plant had large fruit size, soft seed, sweet and sour flavor, and high soluble solid content. Jumeiren had characteristics of distinctness, uniformity, stability and fine comprehensive characteristics. This cultivar is a small tree, attaining a height of 2.5-3.0 m. The growth vigour of trees is moderate, and the crown is naturally rounded. The colour of trunk is taupe, young branches are green-gray, and branch-forming force is strong. It has more branch thorns. The leaf shape is long elliptic, with 6.44 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width. Flowers are dark red and single, with higher proportion of bisexual flowers. The fruit is nearly spherical, with an average longitudinal diameter of 10 cm, an average transverse diameter of 11.85 cm, and a fruit shape index of 0.84. The fruit surface is smooth, the skin is dark red, the calyx tube is closed, and the ribbed ribs are not obvious. This cultivar is early maturing, and fruit surface is light red. The average fruit weight is 452 g, the average weight per 100 arils is 44.6 g, the seed hardness is 2.12 kg·cm-2, the total sugar content is 15.20%, and the ratio of sugar to acid is 50.0. The seeds are purplish red with a sweet and sour flavor. The fruit development period is 120 d and it matures in mid-to-late July in Mengzi city, Yunnan province. It is suitable to be cultivated in Yunnan province, Sichuan province, and other pomegranate producing areas in South China. Using facilities for cultivation can prevent tree freezing injury in northern pomegranate producing areas. Orchards should be chosen on the deep soil layer, good topography and water irrigation. This cultivar likes sufficient light and warm climate. The absolute minimum temperature should be above -10 ℃. Spacing in the row and spacing between rows are (2.0-2.5) m ×4.0 m. Fertilization period includes fertilizer in autumn and topdressing before flowering, young fruit swell stage, and fruit color turning stage. The fertilizer should be applied deep into 30-40 cm. Watering period includes pre-germination, pre-fruit expansion and pre-freezing. Pomegranate is afraid of waterlogging, and one should pay attention to drainage in rainy season. Training should be chosen as the main sparse layer system, spindle system, “Umbrella” system or “Inverted pyramid” system, setting trunk height at 80-100 cm. Pruning is mainly applied in spring, summer and autumn, the main methods are thinning out, removing water sprouts, pinching and rubbing branches, cutting back is only used in tree rejuvenation. In the growing season, it is necessary to take agricultural and physical prevention and control as the basis, biological prevention and control as the core, and chemical prevention and control as the supplement, to comprehensively prevent and control the occurrence and spread of diseases and insect pests. After defoliation and before bud break, the whole garden should be sprayed with 3-5 °Be lime sulfur mixture. It is necessary to put on white paper bags in time after physiological fruit drop and spray with insecticide and fungicide before bagging. And it is also important to lay black light lamp and frequency-vibratory insect light for controlling peach borer, yellow thorn moth and other pests.

Key words: Pomegranate; New cultivar; Jumeiren; Soft seeds; Fresh food

軟籽石榴(種子硬度<4.5 kg·cm-2)[1],種仁退化變軟,食之無渣,適口性強,可食率高。與硬籽石榴相比,在中國軟籽石榴深受廣大生產者、經營者和消費者的歡迎與認可,生產與消費市場潛力巨大[2-3]。據筆者課題組詳細調查統計,截至2022年,中國石榴栽培面積約8萬hm2,其中,軟籽石榴約6.67萬hm2,約占83%。主栽品種突尼斯軟籽石榴占軟籽石榴的95%以上,“一品獨大”。突尼斯軟籽石榴“優點很突出,缺點很致命”,優點是種仁柔軟可食;缺點是樹體抗寒性差,籽粒風味寡淡,果實不耐貯藏(30 d)、貨架期短(15 d)[4]。因此,選育籽粒大、風味濃郁、酸甜可口、耐貯運、適采期長、免套袋、易管理、早產、豐產、穩產的軟籽石榴新品種,加快軟籽石榴品種更新換代步伐,是目前中國石榴產業發展中亟待解決的問題[5]。

1 選育經過

2007年以紅如意作母本、Wonderful(酸)作父本雜交,同年9月獲雜交種子,冬季層積處理。2008年春播種,獲雜交苗518株。2011年少量雜交苗結果。2012年,選擇26株果實品質較好的雜交苗,利用嫁接、扦插兩種繁育方法,在山東省棗莊市嶧城區、山亭區和河南省商丘市試驗園進行區域試驗。2013年春,對表現優異的zj2007-26單株進行扦插繁殖。連續6 a(年)系統觀察測定,發現該單株果個大、籽粒軟、風味酸甜、可溶性固形物含量高,具備特異性、一致性、穩定性,綜合性狀優良,發展前景廣闊。該品種在云南蒙自7月中下旬成熟,充分成熟時,果皮橘紅色,故命名桔美人(圖1)。2023年4月國家林業和草原局授予植物新品種權證書,品種權號:20230119。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學特征

該品種為小喬木,樹勢中庸,樹姿不開張,樹冠為自然圓頭形,成齡樹高2.5~3.0 m。主干灰褐色,1年生枝青灰色,成枝力較強,枝刺較多。葉片長橢圓形,全緣,有波狀紋,幼葉黃綠色,成葉深綠色。葉長6.44 cm、葉寬2.1 cm,葉柄淡紅色?;ㄉ罴t色,單瓣,兩性花比例較高。果實近圓球形,平均縱徑10 cm,平均橫徑11.85 cm,果形指數0.84,果面光潔,果皮深紅色,萼筒閉合,果實棱肋不明顯(圖1)。

參照石榴屬DUS測試指南和石榴品種種質資源植物學特征描述項目及標準[6-7],桔美人與其親本相比,主要存在5項植物學性狀指標差異,分別是:宿存萼片姿態,果實橫切面,葉長,葉寬,葉片長寬比(表1)。其中,桔美人葉寬介于紅如意與Wonderful之間,且差異顯著。

2.2 生長結果習性

桔美人1~2年生枝柔軟易下垂,故生產上以嫁接苗建園為主,在云南蒙自石榴試驗園,以3年生平邑花石榴為砧木嫁接桔美人,成活率在95%以上,采用3 m×4 m株行距栽植,第2年開始結果,平均單株產量3.8 kg,3年生樹平均單株產量15.6 kg,4年生樹平均單株產量26.2 kg,5年后開始進入盛果期,盛果期平均單株產量32.7 kg,表現出早產、豐產、穩產特性。

2.3 果實主要經濟性狀

桔美人為早熟品種。平均單果質量452 g。百粒質量44.6 g,籽粒硬度2.12 kg·cm-2,平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.9%,總糖含量15.2%,總酸含量3.04 g·kg-1,糖酸比50.0,籽粒紫紅色,風味酸甜。在云南蒙自地區7月中下旬成熟。綜合性狀優異。

參照石榴屬DUS測試指南和石榴品種種質資源植物學特征描述項目及標準[6-7],桔美人與其親本相比,主要存在8項果實經濟性狀指標差異,分別是:平均單果質量,百粒質量,籽粒硬度,籽粒風味,可滴定酸含量,總糖含量,糖酸比,成熟期(表2)。其中,桔美人百粒質量比Wonderful提高了13.2%,差異均達顯著水平。桔美人籽粒風味酸甜,紅如意籽粒風味純甜,Wonderful籽粒風味特酸。在云南省蒙自市,桔美人成熟期晚于2個親本品種。

2.4 物候期

在云南蒙自地區,12月底至翌年1月初萌芽,1月底至2月初展葉;2月上旬為新梢生長期,2月中旬進入新梢速生期,3月初達到生長高峰,以后進入緩慢生長期,5月底出現第二次生長高峰,7月底以后枝梢生長轉慢;12月上旬落葉;3月中旬為初花期,3月下旬進入盛花期,4月中旬末花期;3月底至4月初開始坐果;5月上旬果實開始著色;7月下旬果實成熟;果實發育期120 d左右。

3 栽培技術要點

3.1 園址選擇

對土壤要求比較嚴格,以通透性較好的砂壤土、壤土為宜。栽植前按照30.0~37.5 t·hm-2的標準,施入腐熟有機肥,施肥深度大于30 cm,引導根系向下延伸生長。適宜在云南、四川等南方石榴產區露地栽培,在北方石榴產區須采取設施栽培,防止樹體凍害。性喜強光照和溫暖的氣候,極端最低氣溫高于-10 ℃、大于10 ℃活動積溫3000 ℃以上、地下水位大于1 m、土壤pH值在6.5~7.5之間[7]。

3.2 建園

選用生長健壯、無病蟲害、無凍害的2年生以上嫁接苗建園,地徑1.2 cm以上,苗高120 cm以上。株行距(2.0~2.5)m×4 m為宜。落葉到萌芽時均可栽植,以剛萌芽時栽植最為適宜。全園統一要求“放線定點”栽植,確保橫豎成行,整齊劃一,相鄰幼樹之間呈“品”字形布局。栽植深度與根頸處的原土痕印相持平。栽后及時灌足水,覆蓋黑色地膜。為防止新栽幼樹倒伏,便于后期整形,將竹竿(高2.5 m、直徑1.5 cm左右)貼近苗木插入土壤中(深度40 cm左右)。

3.3 肥水管理

一是施肥管理。在南方產區,栽后當年追肥2次:6—7月,追施復合肥1次,9—10月,施有機肥作為基肥;以后每年施肥3次:2月底—3月初施速效氮磷肥,4月底—5月初施果實膨大肥,10月底—11月初秋梢停止生長后施有機肥,肥料要深施,深度30 ~40 cm [7];適時根外(葉面)追肥:花期噴施硼元素+磷酸二氫鉀+尿素混合溶液1次,膨果期噴施磷酸二氫鉀+鈣肥混合溶液1次,注重增加葉背噴施量。二是水分管理。澆水與施肥結合進行;干旱季節不能缺水,土壤封凍前澆一遍越冬水;注意果實成熟前10~15 d內不要灌水,防止裂果;石榴怕澇,雨季注意排水,嚴禁積水。

3.4 整形修剪

整形宜采用主干疏層形、紡錘形、“傘”形或“倒金字塔”樹形,定干高度80~100 cm[8];修剪以春夏秋為主,方法以抹芽、除萌、疏枝、摘心、捋枝為主,冬季修剪為輔,方法以疏枝為主;短截只在老弱樹更新復壯時使用。

3.5 病蟲害防治

以農業防治和物理防治為基礎,生物防治為核心,化學防治為補充,全面做好病蟲害綜合防治工作;冬季刮樹皮、樹干涂白,做好清園工作;落葉后和萌芽前,全園噴布波美度3~5 °Bé石硫合劑,防治石榴干腐病、褐斑病、瘡痂病,以及榴絨粉蚧、日本龜蠟蚧等病蟲害;生理落果后及時套白色紙袋,防治橘小實蠅、桃蛀螟等害蟲,套袋前噴施一遍殺蟲、殺菌劑[8];掛黑光燈、頻振式殺蟲燈防治桃蛀螟、黃刺蛾等害蟲,在害蟲成蟲發生前1周左右掛燈,在晚上19:00—24:00和凌晨02:00—05:00這兩個害蟲活動高峰時間段內開燈。

參考文獻 References:

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ZHAO Dengchao,HOU Liqun,HOU Lefeng,TANG Guimin,HAN Chuanming,HAO Zhaoxiang,SHU Xiuge,LIANG Jing. Development of guide for the conduct of tests for distinctness,uniformity and stability for new pomegranates varieties[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2017,38(2):233-239.

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HOU Lefeng,GUO Qi,HAO Zhaoxiang,LUO Hua. History,present situation and prospects of soft-seed pomegranate in China[J]. Northern Horticulture,2017(20):196-199.

[3] 陳利娜,敬丹,唐麗穎,曹尚銀. 新中國果樹科學研究70年:石榴[J]. 果樹學報,2019,36(10):1389-1398.

CHEN Lina,JING Dan,TANG Liying,CAO Shangyin. Fruit scientific research in New China in the past 70 years:Pomegranate[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(10):1389-1398.

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HOU Lefeng,JIANG Jixin,LUO Hua,LI Tisong,HAO Zhaoxiang. Pomegranate marketing characteristics in Yicheng district , Shandong province and suggestions in 2020[J]. China Fruit News,2021,38(5):25-26.

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