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8份蘋果種質資源的抗旱性評價

2024-04-30 04:30魏江彤馬孝穎李雪雯張志軍李超馬鋒旺
果樹學報 2024年4期
關鍵詞:種質資源蘋果

魏江彤 馬孝穎 李雪雯 張志軍 李超 馬鋒旺

摘? ? 要:【目的】研究8份蘋果種質資源的抗旱性,為蘋果種質資源的利用及抗性育種提供參考?!痉椒ā恳?年生P5、L51、L37、LC36、L7、LC54、ZN18和C31為試驗材料,選取富平楸子和新疆野蘋果作為對照,進行自然干旱脅迫處理,通過測定凈光合速率(Pn)、抗氧化酶系統和脯氨酸(PRO)含量等相關指標,利用隸屬函數法分析各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性?!窘Y果】在自然干旱脅迫后,各蘋果種質資源葉片出現不同程度萎蔫,LC54的葉片萎蔫最為嚴重,LC36的葉片萎蔫程度最??;在干旱脅迫第9天,各種質資源的Pn和葉綠素含量顯著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量、PRO含量、脫落酸(ABA)含量、過氧化氫(H2O2)含量和超氧陰離子(O2-)含量顯著增高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和過氧化物酶(POD)的活性也顯著增強?!窘Y論】各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性依次為:LC36>L7>富平楸子>新疆野蘋果>L51>C31>P5>ZN18>L37>LC54。

關鍵詞:蘋果;種質資源;抗旱評價;隸屬函數

中圖分類號:S661.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)04-0569-10

Evaluation of drought resistance of eight apple germplasm resources

WEI Jiangtong, MA Xiaoying, LI Xuewen, ZHANG Zhijun, LI Chao, MA Fengwang*

(College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University/State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Drought is one of the main factors restricting agricultural production, which would cause a large scale yield reduction. The Loess Plateau is the largest apple producing area in China. However, the Loess Plateau is faced with perennial drought and water shortage, and most of the apple planting areas are located in mountainous areas short of irrigation conditions. Drought and water shortage are the main limiting factors for the development of apple industry in the Loess Plateau of China. Therefore, it is of great significance to breed rootstocks and varieties with strong drought resistance. In the previous study, 8 apple germplasm resources with utilization value were found in our laboratory. This study evaluated their drought resistance in order to provide reference for the utilization and resistance breeding. 【Methods】 In this study, P5 (Malus asiatica), L51 (M. robusta), L37 (M. hybrid ‘Dwarf Tree), LC36 (M. hybrid ‘Cranberry), L7 (M. soulardii), LC54 (M. domestica ‘Oekonomierat Echter-meyer), ZN18 (M. domestica, Sciros × Scifresh) and C31 (M. domestica ‘Trail) were used as experimental materials, and M. prunifolia and M. sieversii were used as controls. In the spring of 2022, the bud grafting method was used to graft them on the M. hupehensis Rehd. When the height of all test materials reached 70-80 cm, the plants with the same height were selected for experiment. The treatment group was watered thoroughly the day before the treatment and stopped watering until the 9th day of the treatment. The control group was watered normally every day, and the soil relative water content was maintained at 75%-85%. From the 0th day of treatment, the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, relative water content and relative conductivity of leaves were measured every other day. Completely mature leaves were collected from 7-15 leaves below the top of the stem, wrapped in the tin foil paper, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at ?80 ℃ for the determination of the malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, superoxide anion (O2-) content, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, ABA content and the expression of the synthesis-related genes of each apple germplasm resource. The drought resistance of each apple germplasm resource was evaluated by membership function method. 【Results】 (1) After natural drought stress, the leaves of the apple germplasm resources wilted to varying degrees. The leaves of LC54 wilted most seriously, and the leaves of LC36 wilted most lightly. After drought treatment, the leaf relative water content of each apple germplasm resource decreased significantly, and the leaf relative water content of LC54 decreased most apparently. (2) After drought treatment, the relative conductivity, MDA content and proline content of the leaves of the apple germplasm resources increased significantly. On the 9th day of the drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of various germplasm resources decreased significantly. (3) The O2- content of the apple germplasm resources increased significantly after drought stress, and the increase range of the O2- content of the apple germplasm resources was between 84.31% and 197.97%. The content of H2O2 was lower on the 0th day of drought stress, and significantly increased on the 9th day of the drought stress. (4) The ABA content of the apple germplasm resources increased significantly after the drought stress. The gene expression of the MdNCED1 and MdNCED3 remained at a low level on the 0th day of the drought treatment, and increased significantly on the 9th day of the drought treatment, which was consistent with the change of the ABA content in the leaves. (5) The comprehensive net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, relative conductivity, malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, superoxide anion (O2- ) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, proline, ABA content, a total of 11 indicators, were used to calculate the average membership function value of each apple germplasm resource. The results showed that the average membership function value of LC36 was the largest, indicating that the relative change degree of each index of LC36 was the smallest under the drought stress, and the drought resistance was the strongest among the 8 apple germplasm resources. The average membership function value of LC54 was the smallest, indicating that its drought resistance was the weakest. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study showed that under the drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate of plants decreased, the membrane integrity was destroyed, and the contents of ABA and proline increased significantly. However, due to the different resistance of the apple germplasm resources to drought, the changes of each index before and after the drought stress were also different. According to the membership function value, we concluded that the drought resistance of each apple germplasm resource is: LC36>L7>M. prunifolia>M. sieversii>L51>C31>P5>ZN18>L37>LC54. The drought resistance of LC36 and L7 germplasm resources is greater than that of M. prunifolia and M. sieversii, while the drought resistance of other resources is lower than that of M. prunifolia and M. sieversii. Therefore, LC36 and L7 are important resources for improvement of the drought resistance of apple.

Key words: Apple; Germplasm resources; Drought resistance evaluation; Membership function

干旱是制約農業生產的主要因素之一,會造成作物大面積減產[1]。黃土高原地區是中國最大的蘋果優勢產區[2],該地區適宜蘋果的生長,生產出的蘋果品質好、風味佳。但黃土高原地區常年干旱缺水,且大部分蘋果種植地位于山區,缺乏灌溉條件。因此,干旱缺水是中國黃土高原地區蘋果產業發展的限制因素之一。水對植物的生存至關重要,缺水會限制植物的生長[3]。干旱脅迫會對植物的各種生物活動產生影響,如種子萌發、繁殖和成熟。干旱脅迫會影響植物的形態、生理、生化和代謝途徑,并最終導致植物生產力的降低[4-5]。植物也進化出相應的耐旱策略以應對水分脅迫,可通過對植物細胞、組織、器官及整個植株的調控維持生存。通過氣孔的調控和更大更深的根系來增加水分運輸,從而減少水分的損失。通過抗氧化活性系統清除活性氧(ROS),保持膜的完整性,與脅迫相關的蛋白質和水通道蛋白活性也有助于植物產生耐旱性。通過脯氨酸(PRO)等滲透物質的積累維持細胞膨脹壓力。脫落酸(ABA)是植物適應環境脅迫的重要信號分子,在干旱脅迫下,ABA可以調控植物的氣孔開放,從而減緩植物體內水分的虧缺,增強植物抗旱性[6]。9-順式-環氧類胡蘿卜素雙加氧酶(NCED)是干旱引發誘導的ABA生物合成的關鍵酶,NCED基因屬于一個具有9個成員的多基因家族[7]。

在西北農林科技大學洛川蘋果試驗站種質資源圃,筆者發現P5、L51、L37、LC36、L7、LC54、ZN18和C31的果實具有特異性,可作為品種資源選育抗逆優質的蘋果新品種。為探究其抗旱性,筆者在本研究中以這8份蘋果種質資源為試驗材料,以抗旱性較強的富平楸子和新疆野蘋果為對照,對各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性進行研究,測定各蘋果種質資源的凈光合速率(Pn)、葉綠素含量、葉片相對含水量、相對電導率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、過氧化氫(H2O2)含量、超氧陰離子(O2-)含量、抗氧化酶活性、PRO含量、ABA含量及其合成相關基因的表達量,并利用隸屬函數法對各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性進行評價。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗材料

以1年生P5(Malus asiatica)、L51(M. robusta)、L37(M. hybrid ‘Dwarf Tree)、LC36(M. hybrid ‘Cranberry)、L7(M. soulardii)、LC54(M. domestica ‘Oekonomierat Echter-meyer)、ZN18(M. domestica,Sciros×Scifresh)和C31(M. domestica ‘Trail)為試驗材料,選取富平楸子(M. prunifolia)和新疆野蘋果(M. sieversii)為對照,于2022年春采用芽接法嫁接于平邑甜茶植株上,試驗于2022年6月在西北農林科技大學園藝場的避雨棚內進行。植株定植于塑料盆(30 cm×18 cm)中,栽植基質為V黃土∶V沙∶V有機質=5∶1∶1,放置于避雨棚中,定期進行澆水、除草等生長管理工作。

1.2 試驗方法

待所有試驗材料高度為70~80 cm時,挑選高度一致的植株分為對照組和處理組進行試驗處理。將處理組于處理前1 d澆透水后停止澆水,直至處理第9天各蘋果種質資源因極度缺水出現顯著差異后復水,對照組每天正常澆水。于處理的第0天開始,每隔1 d進行Pn、葉綠素含量、葉片相對含水量、相對電導率的測定,并采集植株中部完全成熟的葉片,用錫箔紙包住后立即用液氮快速冷凍,并于-80 ℃下儲存。

1.3 生理指標測定

葉片相對含水量測定,稱取葉片鮮質量(FW)后,將葉片浸泡在蒸餾水中24 h,用吸水紙吸干表面水分后,測量葉片飽和質量(TW),烘干至恒質量后測量葉片干質量(DW),計算葉片相對含水量,每個種質資源5次重復。葉片相對含水量計算公式如下:

RWC/%=(FW-DW)/(TW-DW)×100。

相對電導率測定,利用打孔器在葉片上打20個圓片,避開葉脈,裝入15 mL離心管,加入10 mL純凈水,浸泡4 h后,混勻利用電導率儀測量電導率(S1),沸水浴20 min,冷卻至室溫后混勻再次測量電導率(S2),測量純凈水的電導率(S0),計算葉片相對電導率,每個種質資源5次重復。相對電導率計算公式如下:

REL/%=(S1-S0)/(S2-S0)×100。

MDA、PRO含量測定,按照生產廠家說明書(蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司,江蘇蘇州),利用相應試劑盒進行測定。

1.4 Pn及葉綠素含量測定

在晴朗天氣的上午,利用CIRAS-3便攜式光合作用系統(CIRAS,Amesbury,MA,USA)測定各蘋果種質資源的Pn。

將葉片剪碎成細條狀稱取0.1 g置于15 mL試管中,加入8 mL 80%丙酮,將葉片全部浸沒,避光浸泡24 h,其間每隔一定時間對試管進行晃動,直至葉片上的綠色完全褪去?;靹蛭? mL加入比色皿,利用UV-2600分光光度計(日本島津)分別在663 nm、645 nm、470 nm處測定吸光值,計算各蘋果種質資源的總葉綠素含量,每個種質資源5次重復。

1.5 活性氧含量及抗氧化酶活性測定

按照生產廠家說明書(蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司,江蘇蘇州),利用相應試劑盒測定H2O2含量、O2-含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和過氧化物酶(POD)活性。

1.6 ABA含量的測定

稱取0.1 g經研磨的凍樣于2 mL離心管中,加入1 mL經-20 ℃預冷的提取液(V異丙醇∶V甲醇∶V乙酸=79∶20∶1),渦旋震蕩混勻,4 ℃提取12 h,4 ℃條件下12 000 r·min-1離心10 min,用一次性注射器吸取上清液經0.22 μm有機過濾器過濾后加入棕色進樣瓶,利用液質聯用儀測定[8]。

1.7 RNA提取及qRT-PCR分析

使用植物RNA分離試劑盒提取總RNA[Wolact,Vicband Life Sciences Company (HK) Limited],再利用PrimeScript第一鏈cDNA合成試劑盒(TaKaRa,日本)反轉錄合成cDNA。實時熒光定量PCR采用SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ Kit(TaKaRa,Tokyo,Japan),以MdMDH(MDP0000197620)作為內參基因,試驗所用引物序列見表1,使用2-△△CT方法計算相對表達量[9]。

1.8 隸屬函數的計算

考慮到試驗材料遺傳背景不同,各項生理指標存在較大差異,故利用短期干旱第0天和第9天各項指標的相對變化率進行隸屬函數的計算,以評價各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性。

若該指標與抗旱性呈正相關,該指標的隸屬函數計算公式為:

U(X)=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)。

若該指標與抗旱性呈負相關,該指標的隸屬函數計算公式為:

U(X)=1-(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)。

式中,U(X)為隸屬函數值,X指某一指標的相對變化率[(S第9天-S第0天)/S第0天×100%],S為某一指標的測量數值;Xmax指某一指標相對變化率的最大值,Xmin指某一指標相對變化率的最小值。在測定的指標中,與抗旱性負相關的有相對電導率、MDA含量、H2O2含量和O2-含量,其余指標與抗旱性呈正相關。

1.9 數據分析

使用SPSS Statistics 26.0進行數據統計分析,并使用單因素分析和Tukey的多重比較(p<0.05)進行顯著性分析。使用Origin 2022b繪圖。

2 結果與分析

2.1 自然干旱脅迫下各蘋果種質資源的表型及生理指標

在自然干旱脅迫后,各蘋果種質資源的葉片均出現不同程度的失水萎蔫(圖1),干旱處理第9天各蘋果種質資源間的差異最顯著,其中LC54葉片的萎蔫程度最為嚴重。在干旱處理后,各蘋果種質資源的葉片相對含水量(w,后同)顯著降低(圖2-A),變化范圍為0.72%~30.3%,其中LC54的葉片相對含水量降幅最大。在干旱處理后,各蘋果種質資源葉片的相對電導率顯著升高(圖2-B),變化范圍為14.16%~61.99%。在干旱脅迫下,各蘋果種質資源葉片的MDA含量也顯著升高,變化范圍為9.42%~65.82%,在干旱處理第9天,LC54的MDA含量最高,LC36的MDA含量最低(圖2-C)。在干旱脅迫第0天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的PRO含量維持在較低水平,分布范圍為9.81~17.11 μg·g-1,在干旱處理第9天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的PRO含量顯著增加,分布范圍為67.8~152.66 μg·g-1,LC36的PRO含量在干旱處理后顯著高于其他種質資源,LC54、L37、P5的PRO含量在干旱處理后顯著低于其他種質資源(圖2-D)。

2.2 自然干旱脅迫下各蘋果種質資源的Pn和葉綠素含量

在干旱處理第0天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的Pn在12.3~19.06 μmol·m-2·s-1之間,在干旱處理第9天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的Pn顯著降低,變化范圍為40.65%~68.03%,其中LC54的Pn顯著低于其他種質資源,LC36、富平楸子和新疆野蘋果的Pn較高(圖3-A)。在干旱處理后,各蘋果種質資源葉片的葉綠素含量也顯著降低(圖3-B),這些結果表明,在干旱處理后,各蘋果種質資源均遭受到了不同程度的損傷,其中以LC54的損傷最嚴重,初步表明在各蘋果種質資源中LC54的抗旱性最差。

2.3 自然干旱脅迫下各蘋果種質資源的活性氧含量及抗氧化酶活性

植物在遭受到干旱脅迫時會產生大量的O2-等活性氧(ROS),以抵御外界環境的變化[10],然而過量的ROS積累會導致植物氧化損傷[11]。在干旱處理第0天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的H2O2含量較低,在干旱脅迫第9天,各蘋果種質資源的H2O2含量(b,后同)顯著增加,分布范圍為25.23~35.49 μmol·g-1,LC36的H2O2含量顯著低于其他種質資源(圖4-A)。如圖4-B所示,在干旱處理第0天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的O2-含量分布范圍為29.31~42.69 nmol·g-1,在干旱處理第9天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的O2-含量顯著增加,LC54、P5和L37的O2-含量顯著高于其他種質資源。為防止過量的ROS對植物的損傷,植物可通過相應抗氧化酶系統清除植物體內過量的ROS[12]。通過對各蘋果種質資源SOD活性和POD活性測定可知,在干旱處理后,各蘋果種質資源葉片內的SOD活性和POD活性顯著升高。在干旱處理第9天,L7的POD活性最高,LC54的POD活性最低,LC36的SOD活性最高,LC54的SOD活性最低(圖4-C~D)。

2.4 自然干旱脅迫下各蘋果種質資源的ABA含量

ABA在植物應對干旱等脅迫時具有重要作用[13],因此測量了各蘋果種質資源葉片的ABA含量(圖5-A)。在干旱處理第0天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的ABA含量有顯著差異,但均維持在相對較低水平,分布范圍為14.60~45.97 ng·g-1,在干旱處理第9天,各蘋果種質資源葉片的ABA含量顯著增高,分布范圍為117.52~526.48 ng·g-1,LC54的ABA含量顯著高于其他種質資源。通過測定各蘋果種質資源與ABA生物合成有關的2個基因發現,MdNCED1和MdNCED3基因相對表達量均在干旱處理第0天維持在較低水平,在干旱處理第9天顯著升高,與葉片內ABA含量的變化趨勢相一致(圖5-B、C)。

2.5 利用隸屬函數法評價各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性

以各蘋果種質資源干旱脅迫第0天和第9天各指標的相對變化率計算隸屬函數值,以各蘋果種質資源隸屬函數值的平均值為依據進行抗旱性的評價,平均隸屬函數值越高說明對干旱的敏感度越低,則愈抗旱。綜合Pn、葉綠素含量、葉片相對含水量、相對電導率、MDA含量、H2O2含量、O2-含量、SOD活性、POD活性、PRO含量、ABA含量共計11項指標,計算出各蘋果種質資源的平均隸屬函數值,結果(表2)表明,LC36的平均隸屬函數值最大,表明在干旱脅迫下LC36各指標的相對變化程度最小,與其他種質資源相比抗旱性最強。平均隸屬函數值最小的是LC54,表明其抗旱性最弱。由此筆者得出各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性依次為:LC36>L7>富平楸子>新疆野蘋果>L51>C31>P5>ZN18>L37>LC54。

3 討 論

干旱嚴重制約了農業的發展,在生產上每年造成重大損失[14]。干旱脅迫會影響植物的生長發育,在植物中表現出不同的形態、生理、生化和分子變化[4-5]。光合作用是植物碳同化最重要的代謝過程[15],植物在遭受干旱脅迫后會對光合器官造成損傷,導致植物光合能力的下降[16]。在本研究中,干旱脅迫后各蘋果種質資源葉片的Pn顯著降低,這與前人研究結果一致[17-18]。葉綠素是植物主要的光合色素,在光合色素獲取光方面起著重要作用[19]。Zhao等[20]研究發現,長期水分脅迫下植株的葉綠素含量均降低,梁博文[21]研究發現,自然干旱脅迫下植株的葉綠素濃度顯著降低,這與筆者在本研究中的結果一致。本研究中,短期干旱處理后各蘋果種質資源的葉綠素含量顯著降低。研究表明,在干旱脅迫下,植物葉綠素的降解主要與活性氧(ROS)的過量產生有關[22-23]。這些研究結果表明,植物在干旱脅迫中Pn的降低可能與葉綠素含量的降低有關。

植物在進行光合作用時會產生大量活性氧(ROS)[24-25],活性氧(ROS)會引起膜脂質的過氧化和去酯化,并導致蛋白質變性,從而進一步損傷植物細胞[26]。前人研究表明,植物在干旱脅迫下,體內的活性氧(ROS)水平會顯著增加[27-29]。在本研究中,干旱脅迫后各蘋果種質資源的O2-含量顯著增加,各蘋果種質資源O2-含量的增長范圍在84.31%~197.97%之間。H2O2含量在干旱脅迫第0天的含量較低,在干旱脅迫第9天顯著增高,這與前人研究結果相同[14,30]。此外,筆者在本研究中測定了各蘋果種質資源的POD、SOD活性,結果表明,干旱脅迫后,各蘋果種質資源的POD、SOD活性顯著增強,且抗旱性越強的種質資源抗氧化酶活性越強。這些研究結果表明,各蘋果種質資源在干旱脅迫下,植株體內的活性氧(ROS)因脅迫顯著增加,同時植株產生大量抗氧化酶抑制活性氧(ROS)的產生,但LC36等種質資源的抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性較高,因此積累的活性氧(ROS)較少,表現出更強的抗旱能力。

植物在干旱脅迫下ABA含量會顯著增加[31],ABA可維持植物水分狀態、增強光合作用從而減弱干旱的影響[32]。在本研究中,干旱脅迫后各蘋果種質資源的ABA含量顯著升高,且LC36的ABA含量增幅最大,這與前人研究結果相同。9-順式-環氧類胡蘿卜素雙加氧酶(NCED)是ABA合成的關鍵酶[33]。在本研究中,筆者檢測了MdNCED1和MdNCED3的基因表達量,結果表明,MdNCED1和MdNCED3的基因表達量在干旱處理第0天維持在較低水平,在干旱處理第9天顯著升高,與葉片內ABA含量的變化相一致。前人研究表明,在干旱脅迫下,PRO等滲透保護劑可降低活性氧(ROS)對植物細胞膜的損傷[34],同時它們不會干擾細胞水平的正常代謝過程[35]。在本研究中,在干旱脅迫第9天,各蘋果種質資源的PRO含量顯著增加,這與前人研究結果相同[36-37]。

隸屬函數值是從隸屬度的角度出發,運用模糊數學的基本理論,采用隸屬度函數法計算得到的綜合評估值[38-39]。目前,隸屬函數法在作物抗性評價方面廣泛應用。馮琛等[40]利用隸屬函數法對不同蘋果矮化砧穗組合的抗旱性進行研究,發現宮藤富士/SH6組合的抗旱性比宮藤富士/G935、宮藤富士/M9-T337的強。王健強等[41]利用隸屬函數法對7種矮化砧木進行了抗旱性評價,研究結果表明冀砧1號和SH40的抗旱性較其他砧木更強。在本研究中,利用11種測定指標進行了隸屬函數分析,對各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性進行評價,研究發現各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性依次為:LC36>L7>富平楸子>新疆野蘋果>L51>C31>P5>ZN18>L37>LC54。

4 結 論

在干旱脅迫下植物的Pn降低、膜完整性被破壞、ABA和PRO含量顯著增加,但由于各蘋果種質資源對干旱的抗性不同,干旱脅迫前后各指標的變化幅度也不同,根據隸屬函數值得出各蘋果種質資源的抗旱性依次為:LC36>L7>富平楸子>新疆野蘋果>L51>C31>P5>ZN18>L37>LC54。LC36、L7兩份種質資源的抗旱性高于普遍認為抗旱性強的富平楸子和新疆野蘋果,而其他資源的抗旱性則低于富平楸子和新疆野蘋果,因此,LC36和L7是改善蘋果抗旱性的重要資源。

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