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新目標英語九年級重點句講解(Units?。保啊保玻?/h1>
2008-12-01 10:08吳志強劉世一
中學英語園地·教學指導版 2008年11期
關鍵詞:冠詞動名詞及物動詞

吳志強 劉世一

Unit 10

1. When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home. (P77) 我到了學校,發現把書包落在家里了。

Have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school? (P78) 你是否曾經忘記將作業帶到學校了呢?

以上兩句中的leave與forget都有“忘”的意思,但它們之間有以下區別:

(1) leave主要用于將某物“遺忘”在某個地方。例如:

When I went back home I suddenly found I had left my bicycle in front of our school library. 我回家時,突然發現自己把自行車落在學校圖書館前面了。

Tony could not come into his office because he had left his keys in his lab. 托尼進不了辦公室,因為他把鑰匙忘在實驗室里了。

(2) forget意為“忘記”。例如:

I forget his name. 我想不起他的名字了。

I forgot to bring my dictionary with me. I left it at home. 我忘記帶詞典了,我把它丟在家里了

注意: forget后接動詞不定式時,表示“忘記要做某事”(動詞不定式所表示的動作尚未發生);后接動名詞時,表示“忘記已經做過或發生過某事”(動名詞所表示的動作已經發生)。試比較:

I forgot to tell her the news. 我忘記把這個消息告訴她了。

I forgot telling her the news. 我忘了曾告訴過她這個消息。

2. My alarm clock didn't go off, and by the time I woke up, my father had already gone into the bathroom and I had to wait for him to come out. (P78) 我的鬧鐘壞了,因此等我醒來的時候,我父親已經進去洗澡了,我只好等他出來。

(1) go off意為“發出聲音”,句中didn't go off是“鬧鐘沒有響”的意思。例如:

The thieves ran away when the burglar alarm went off. 防盜警報器一響,竊賊立刻逃走了。

The signal pistol went off with a bang. 信號槍砰地一聲響了。

(2) by the time相當于連詞when或as, 意思是“到……時候”、“到……之前”。該短語后跟謂語動詞為一般過去時的從句,主句的謂語動詞常為過去完成時。例如:

By the time he was ten, he had built a chemistry lab himself. 在他十歲的時候,就自己建了一個化學實驗室。

By the time I got to the cinema, the film had already been on for 10 minutes. 在我到達電影院時,電影已經上映10分鐘了。

(3) wait for后接人或事物時,表示“等候某人或事”的到來。如果表示“等候某人做某事”,用wait for sb to do sth。 例如:

There is a Wang waiting for you at the gate. 有個姓王的人在大門口等你。

I'm waiting for James to arrive. 我正等候詹姆斯的到來。

3. When I got to school, the final bell was ringing. I only just made it to my class. (P78) 我到學校的時候,上課鈴正在響。我剛好正點趕上上課時間。

(1) 學生上課時,通常要打兩遍鈴。第一遍叫first bell, 即預備鈴;第二遍叫second bell或final bell, 即上課鈴。

(2) made it在這里表示“按時到達某地、成功”的意思。例如:

You can make it if you hurry. 如果你快一點的話,就會按時趕到的。

make it是一個慣用語,使用的場合很廣泛,其涵義及用法主要有: ① 約定時間或日期; ② 及時到達某地或趕上車船; ③ 做到(某事),成功,達到預期的目的; ④ 戰勝個人傷痛、死亡。例如:

—Shall we meet next week? 下星期我們碰一次頭好嗎?

—Yes, let's make it next Sunday. 好的,讓我們約定下周日碰頭吧。

You can't make it to the top of the mountain in such bad weather. 天氣這么惡劣,你到不了山頂。

After years as an unsuccessful businessman, he's finally made it. 經過生意場上多年的失敗,他最終還是成功了。

She's very sick,but that doesn't mean she can't make it. 當然,她的病情十分嚴重,但那并不意味著疾病就不可戰勝。

4. What happened to Dave on April Fool's Day? (P79) 愚人節那天Dave出了什么事?

(1) happen to sb/sth 意為“……發生在某人身上/某事上”。例如:

What happened to the radio? (= What is wrong/the matter/the trouble with the radio?) 收音機怎么樣了?

What will happen to the children if Peter and Alice break up? 如果彼得和愛麗絲離婚,他們的孩子怎么辦呢?

She hoped nothing bad would happen to him. 她希望不會有壞事發生在他身上。

(2) happen意為“碰巧”,通常用于“happen to do sth或it happens + that從句”。例如:

I happened to have no money with me that day. (= It happened that I had no money with me that day.) 那天我碰巧沒帶錢。

5. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story and panic set off across the whole country. (P80) Welles的話具有說服力,因此好幾百人都相信了他的話,全國處于一片恐慌之中。

(1) so ... that ... 意為“如此……以致……;那樣……以致……”, that后面的從句表示結果, so后面常接形容詞或副詞的原級,有時也可以接名詞,但是名詞前通常有many, much, few, little等修飾語。例如:

He ran so fast that we couldn't catch up with him. 他跑得太快,我們追不上他。

He had so many falls that he could ride a bike at last. 他摔了很多跤,終于學會了騎車。

so that意為“為了、以便”,引導目的狀語從句。 so that也可以引導結果狀語從句,但前面一般要用逗號隔開。例如:

Speak clearly so that they can understand you. 你講清楚些,讓他們都能聽懂。

She was ill, so that she was unable to go with you. 她病了,不能和你一起去了。

(2) the whole country 意為“全國”,相當于all the country。 兩者之間的區別是: all一般位于冠詞、物主代詞或其他限定詞之前,即“all + 限定詞 + 單數名詞”; whole則位于這些詞之后,即“限定詞 + whole + 單數名詞”。試比較:

All the school is very happy. (= The whole school is very happy.) 全校學生都很開心。

切記:我們可以說all day, 但不能說whole day。

whole與all的后面也可接復數名詞。即: “all + 限定詞 + 復數名詞; the whole of + 復數名詞”。試比較:

All the students are busy cleaning the streets. 全體學生都忙于打掃街道。

The whole of the students went to the zoo. 全體學生都去動物園了。

6. He asked her to marry him. She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. (P80) 他叫她和他結婚。她感到非常緊張,因為她確實想結婚。

辨析marry和be married:

(1) 動詞marry可以用作及物動詞或不及物動詞。它用作及物動詞時,意為“嫁給”、“娶”、“和……結婚”。它用作不及物動詞時,意為“結婚”,常有狀語修飾。例如:

I'm going to marry John. 我要和約翰結婚了。

She married a man with a lot of money. 她嫁給了一個很有錢的男人。

He married late. 他結婚很晚。

(2) marry是終止性動詞,不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。試譯:

我結婚三年了。

誤: I have married for three years.

正: I have been married for three years.

(3) be/get married常用來表示婚姻狀況。在這里married指狀態。例如:

Is she married? 她結婚了沒有?

He didn't get married when I knew him. 我認識他時,他還沒有結婚。

My aunt is married, but she has no children. 我的姑姑結婚了,但沒有孩子。

(4) marry和be married后面都不能跟介詞with, 但be married后面可跟介詞to。 例如:

She was married to my cousin. 她和我的表哥結了婚。

Unit 11

1. Excuse me. Can you please tell me where I can get a dictionary? (P86) 對不起,請問我在哪里能買到一部詞典呢?

“Excuse me, can you please tell me ...?”是問路時的常用語。句首用excuse me, 目的是要引起對方注意。常用來問路的表達法還有:

Excuse me, is there a bus stop near here? 請問,附近有車站嗎?

Excuse me, where's the nearest post office, please? 請問,到最近的郵局怎么走?

Excuse me, which is the way to the supermarket, please? 請問,哪一條是去超市的路?

Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the bus stop? 請問,去車站的路怎么走?

Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the factory? 請問,我怎樣才能到達那個工廠呢?

Will you show me the way to the hospital? 請告訴我去醫院的路,好嗎?

Excuse me, how can I get to the station? 請問,我怎樣才能到車站呢?

2. There's always something happening. (P88) 總是要有事情發生。

there be中的主語后面跟非謂語動詞時,有下面三種結構模式:

(1) there be + sb/sth + to do sth表示“主語將做某事”。例如:

There will be some Australian students to come to our class. 有幾個澳大利亞的學生要到我們班里來。

(2) there be + sb/sth + doing sth意為“有……在做某事”。例如:

My friend said there was a truck collecting rubbish outside. 我的朋友說外面有一輛汽車正在收集垃圾。

There is a student waiting to see you outside the office. 有一個學生在辦公室外面等著要見你。

(3) there is + no + doing用于對某一具體行為或抽象概念進行否定。例如:

There is no telling when he will return. 說不清他何時回來。

There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何時我們能再相會。

3. I also like to look at books in the bookstore. (P88) 我也喜歡在書店里看書。

漢語中說的“看書”,既可指“閱讀書籍”,也可指“翻看書籍”。但用英語表達就有所不同了。請看:

He looks at that book, takes it down and reads it carefully. 他看了看那本書,然后拿下來,認真地讀了起來。

looks at that book與read that book在意義上是完全不同的。 look at that book僅指“看書”,用來表示“看了看”,不是以閱讀為目的;而read that book則是指“讀了讀”書中的內容。

4. Can you tell me where there's a good place to eat? (P89) 你能告訴我哪里有一個吃飯的好地方嗎?

句中的to eat是后置定語,用來修飾名詞place。 動詞不定式作定語時,被修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯賓語或其動作發生的地點等。這時需要在不及物動詞不定式后加上一適當的介詞。但是,如果被修飾的名詞是time, moment, place, way等詞時,不及物動詞不定式后邊的介詞可省略。試比較:

There is no table to play ping?pong on here. 這里沒有打乒乓球用的臺子。

I can't find a place to sleep. 我找不到一個睡覺的地方。

Some people say the best way to travel is on foot. 有些人說旅行最好的方法是步行。

5. ... and eat at Uncle Bob's. ……在鮑伯叔叔的小店吃飯。

句中Uncle Bob's是名詞所有格。在表示店鋪、餐館、某種職業、某人的家時,名詞所有格后面的名詞??梢员皇÷?。如at the doctor's/at the doctor's clinic在大夫的診所; at Mr Green's/at Mr Green's home在格林先生家里。再如:

at my aunt's在我姑姑的家里; at her sister's在她姐姐家里;

at Mr Wang's在王先生的家里; at the Kings'在金的家里;

at the chemist's在藥店里; at the barber's在理發店里;

at the teachers'在教師辦公室里。

【特別提示】在表示店鋪、場所及姓氏的名詞前,要用定冠詞the, 在表示稱呼語的名詞前,要加物主代詞。

Unit 12

1. I guess you should have asked what you were supposed to wear. (P95) 我以為你早就問過要穿什么衣服呢。

(1) 將I guess置于句首,或插在句中,用來暗示對方可能不會同意。例如:

—I don't understand what they are waiting for. 我真弄不懂他們在等什么。

—I guess they're waiting for some more information. 我猜他們在等更多的信息。

(2) should have asked是一個含有情態動詞should的虛擬形式,表示“應該已經做了某事”。例如:

He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. 他本應知道這樣的事情警察是決不允許的。

I should have bought it if I had enough money. 如果當時我有足夠的錢,我會把它買下來的。

She shouldn't have left the hospital so soon. 她不應該這么早就出院(卻出院了)的。

2. Spending time with family and friends is very important to us. (P96) 與家人和朋友共度時光對我們非常重要。

在本句中, Spending time with family and friends是動名詞短語用作主語。動名詞(短語)作主語時,謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數形式。如果是并列的動名詞(短語)作主語,則謂語動詞要用復數形式。動詞不定式(短語)作主語時,依同樣規則處理。例如:

Reading in bed is not good for your eyes. 在床上看書對你的眼睛不好。

Reading and writing take me a lot of time. 我花了不少時間去讀書寫字。

To carry too many things is very difficult. (= It's very difficult to carry too many things.) 搬這么多東西很難。

3. In Brazil, you should wipe your mouth with your napkin every time you take a drink. (P97) 在巴西,每當你喝什么時,應該用餐巾擦嘴。

(1) every time相當于一個連詞,引導時間狀語從句,意為“每當”、“任何時候”,與whenever, each time同義。例如:

Every time/Each time/Whenever I met her, she was studying. 每一次我看見她,她總是在學習。

Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. 每當它想進花園的時候,它就汪汪直叫,直到有人開門才罷休。

(2) 介詞with在句中是“用”的意思。 by和in也可表示“用”的意思,但是三者在“用”法上是有區別的。 with表示“用”一件東西、工具; by表示動作行為的方式,即“用”什么手段或“借助”什么交通工具; in表示“用”一種語言或“用”一種原料。試比較:

The guard cut the boot open with a knife. 士兵用一把小刀把靴子割開了。

He made a living by teaching. 他以教書為生。

They are going there by bike. 他們打算騎自行車去那兒。

Can you say it in English? 你會用英文表達這件事嗎?

That note is written in pencil. 那張便條是用鉛筆寫的。

注意: in后面也可以接表示交通工具類的名詞,但交通工具前面通常有冠詞;而在by之后的這類名詞常不帶冠詞。試比較:

We got to Mount Tai by bus. 我們是乘大巴去泰山的。

He went there in a car. 他是乘小汽車去那兒的。

in后面接表示書寫工具的名詞與with后接書寫工具類名詞也有微妙的區別: in后面無冠詞,而with后面需有冠詞。試比較:

He is writing a letter in pen/with a pen. 他在用鋼筆寫信。

4. You're not supposed to make noise while eating noodles. (P97) 吃面條的時候你不應該弄出響聲來。

eating noodles為現在分詞短語,在語法上相當于一個時間狀語從句。有時為了突出時間,可在分詞前加while, when或after, 這時動作的執行者就是句子的主語。例如:

Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. 有一天當她正沿著大街向前走時,看見一個小女孩朝她跑過來。

While crossing the street (= While you cross the street), you must be careful. 你橫穿馬路時,一定要小心。

Tom went into his bedroom after drinking juice (= after he had drunk juice). 湯姆喝了果汁后,走進了臥室。

We left soon after finishing our work (= after we finished our work). 我們一干完活兒就走了。

5. It's even better than I thought it would be. (P98) 它比我預想的還要好。

(1) 此句中主句的時態與從句的時態不一致。從句動詞thought是過去時態,指過去的狀況,意為“原以為……”。例如:

I thought Michael comes from Canada. 我原以為邁克爾是加拿大人。

I thought you are in Beijing. 我原以為你在北京呢。

(2) even better than ... 意為“甚至于比……更……”, even修飾比較級better, 表示程度。形容詞或副詞比較級前面還可用far, many, much, by far, still, a lot, no, a (little) bit, rather, (three) times, not any, a great deal等修飾語。例如:

She is far/much better at writin than me. 她寫作比我好得多。

Tony has many more story books than Jack. 托尼的故事書比杰克的多得多。

He is a little taller than Danny. 他比丹尼稍高一點。

6. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. (P98) 他們不怕麻煩,讓我感覺像在家一樣。

(1) go out of the/one's way意為“不怕麻煩”、“特意”。這里的定冠詞the可用物主代詞替代。表示“特意(不怕麻煩)地做某事”時,可用go out of the/one's way to do sth。 例如:

They go out of their way to think of ways to serve all the passengers. 他們不怕麻煩,想方設法來為所有的旅客服務。

People living in the village went out of their way to help the experts. 村民們特意來幫助這些專家。

(2) make sb feel at home意為“使某人感到賓至如歸”。短語分為兩部分: make sb do sth意為“讓某人做某事”, make后面接省去to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語; feel at home意為“賓至如歸”,為固定短語。例如:

Father always makes Danny get up early. 父親總是讓丹尼早早地起床。

We'll make all the foreign players feel at home during the Beijing Olympic Games. 北京奧運會期間我們要讓所有外國運動員有賓至如歸的感覺。

7. As you can imagine, things are really different from the way they are at home. (P98) 你想象得出來,事情和在家就餐時是不同的。

as you can imagine是由as引導的方式狀語從句。例如:

As he pointed out, that is nothing less than cheat. 正如他所指出的那樣,那只是一個騙局。

Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不聽我的話趕乘末班公共汽車呢?

The difference, as I see it, is one of method. 照我看來,這是一個方法上的分歧。

8. You can learn it easily by yourselves, and experiment with your own ideas. (P101) 你可以自學,也可以用自己的想法去嘗試。

(1) learn sth by oneself意為“自學”,與teach oneself sth同義。例如:

Li Ming began to learn English by himself three years ago. (= Li Ming began to teach himself English three years ago.) 李明三年前就開始自學英語了。

(2) experiment用作動詞時為不及物動詞,意為“實驗”、“試驗”,后面通常接介詞with或on。 例如:

The scientist experimented with new methods. 這位科學家用新方法進行了實驗。

The students often experiments on cats in the lab. 學生們經常在實驗室里用貓做實驗。

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