?

靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者血清AT3、蛋白C、蛋白S水平臨床分析

2014-03-31 08:19秦小玉等
中國醫藥科學 2014年1期

秦小玉等

[摘要] 目的 檢測靜脈血栓栓塞癥(VTE)患者血清中抗凝血酶(AT3)、蛋白C(PC)、蛋白S(PS)水平,分析其與VTE的關系。 方法 回顧性分析251例VTE患者性別、年齡特點及血清中AT3、PC、PS的水平,并與60例正常人血樣進行對比。 結果 251例VTE患者中,男94例,女157例,男︰女=1.11︰1.4,中位年齡43(5~81)歲。AT3、PC、PS三者均有不同程度降低,其中AT3占15.14%(38例),PC占10.36%(26例),PS占20.3%(51例)。 結論 血漿AT3、PC、PS缺陷是促發VTE的重要原因,檢測其水平變化對靜脈血栓栓塞癥的預防、診斷及治療有指導意義。

[關鍵詞] 靜脈血栓栓塞癥;抗凝血酶-Ⅲ;蛋白C;蛋白S

[中圖分類號] R654.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)01-12-03

靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是一個國際化健康問題,歐洲每年VTE導致的死亡大于500 000例,美國每年大約有300 000例VTE相關死亡發生,占人群疾病死因的第3位,僅次于腫瘤和心梗[1]。近年來,隨著對靜脈血栓的認識、醫療診斷水平的提高及流行病學研究的發展,靜脈血栓栓塞癥在亞洲人群的發病率逐步升高[2],大量研究表明,除產后、盆腔術后、外傷、癌癥晚期、昏迷或長期臥床等獲得性因素外,抗凝蛋白缺陷因素越來越不容忽視[3]。本研究對鄭州大學第一附屬

醫院血管外科2012年1月~2013年2月251例靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者的抗凝蛋白進行檢測,旨在對其與靜脈血栓發生的相關性進行分析,為靜脈血栓栓塞癥的早期預防、早期診斷、早期治療提供理論依據。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

2012年1月~2013年2月鄭州大學第一附屬醫院血管外科診斷為靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者共251例,所有患者均行我院彩超及D-二聚體(大于500μg/L)檢測,確診為深靜脈血栓。

1.2 方法

觀察組及對照組檢測對象共311例,觀察組樣本取自我科251例已確診VTE患者,對照組樣本取自60例健康成年人,均空腹采外周血檢測抗凝血酶(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT3)、蛋白C(proteinC,PC)、蛋白S(proteinS,PS)活性。

1.3 統計學處理

采用SPSS13.0統計軟件,t檢驗及單因素方差分析進行統計學處理,檢驗水準α=0.05。

2 結果

251例VTE中,繼發于術后出現者有95例(37.5%),最短為術后2d,最長為術后3個月;合并腫瘤者18例(7.2%),血栓復發者18例(7.2%)。觀察組及對照組抗凝蛋白檢測結果低于正常者所占比例見表1,統計分析結果見表2。

深靜脈血栓形成是多種因素共同作用的結果,其中外傷及手術(37.5%)所占比例較多,其次是PS缺乏(20.3%),再次是AT3缺乏(15.1%)和PC缺乏(10.4%),手術合并抗凝蛋白缺乏者所占比例最?。?.2%)。這里主要討論抗凝蛋白(PC、PS、AT3)缺乏所致靜脈血栓形成。VTE患者血漿中AT3、PC、PS均值均低于對照組,其差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。

3 討論

研究表明,1/3的VTE患者會有靜脈血栓后遺癥或靜脈瓣缺失,導致慢性下肢腫脹、潰瘍及疼痛,30%的VTE患者術后8年內會出現血栓復發[4]。因此,明確VTE發生的原因并加以預防就顯得非常重要。血液高凝狀態、血流緩慢及血管壁損傷是造成該病的三大主要原因,單一因素較少致血栓形成,常常是2個或3個因素的綜合作用,而其中血液成分改變所導致的高凝狀態是最重要的因素之一。目前Souto等[5]的研究表明超過60%的血栓易感性是由遺傳因素引起的,而遺傳因素多見于抗凝蛋白缺陷。Andrew等[6]的相關研究認為VTE的發生是潛在的遺傳易栓性和獲得性突發事件的結合,遺傳性抗凝蛋白缺陷代表一種持續的高凝狀態,而VTE的發生是一個突發事件,高凝狀態被某些容易引起血栓疾病的獲得性因素誘發,導致VTE的發生。本研究通過251例VTE患者與60例對照組進行對比發現VTE患者血清中AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。由此可見,抗凝蛋白的缺乏在血栓的發生、發展過程中發揮著重要的作用。

抗凝血酶Ⅲ是主要由肝臟合成的一種單鏈α2球蛋白,是絲氨酸蛋白抑制物超家族中的一員,是人體抗凝系統的主要因子之一,可以抑制血清中的凝血酶活化,從而防止纖維蛋白的形成。截止2007年3月31日報道的AT缺陷癥病例已超過350例,AT基因突變的種類至少有211種[7-8]。PC、PS是體內重要的抗凝蛋白,屬于蛋白C系統,其質或量的缺陷將導致機體抗凝功能的減退或喪失,從而影響凝血-抗凝機制平衡,與血栓形成密切相關。PS是PC的輔助因子,可與PC結合,形成膜結合型APC-PS復合體,該復合體使得凝血因子Va、VIIIa更易被APC降解,從而起到抗凝作用。最新研究表明,PS還具有組織因子途徑抑制物(TFPI)輔因子活性,表現為PS可協助TFPI對組織因子(TF)的抑制[9]。同時PS也具有獨立的抗凝活性,PS可與Zn2+結合,可直接抑制FX的活化[10-11]。由此可見,PS是參與到多通路的抗凝因子,不難理解PS缺陷是靜脈血栓栓塞癥的獨立危險因素,本文研究的結果表明VTE患者中AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,但PS缺陷所占比例最高,達20.3%,進一步證實PS在血清抗凝物質中的重要地位。

本研究通過對251例靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者抗凝蛋白水平的檢測,并與60例對照組對比,證實了在VTE患者中存在著較明顯的抗凝蛋白缺陷,AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,三者缺乏率總和為45.8%,該結果高于我國學者白春梅等[12]研究的26.4%,低于臺灣學者Shen等[13]報導的58.8%及香港學者Liu等[14]研究的53.2%,但均遠高于西方國家的15%。而由凝血因子V的Leiden突變導致的血漿活化蛋白C抵抗(APCR)已被證實是西方歐美人群靜脈血栓栓塞癥最為相關的危險因素[15]。提示中國人靜脈血栓栓塞癥的病因組成可能與西方國家不同,反映出抗凝蛋白缺陷在我國VTE患者發病機制中的重要作用。我國最近Zhu等[16]的大樣本病例對照研究表明,中國漢族普通人群中由分子遺傳學方法確診的遺傳性AT缺乏者比例為0.08%,遺傳性PS缺乏者比例為0.056%,遺傳性PC缺乏者比例為0.29%。本文選取的60例非靜脈血栓栓塞癥對照組中,AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白缺陷均為0,可能與樣本量選取的局限性有關。endprint

盡管在病因學上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發生發展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發生有關聯,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發生概率的關系仍需我們進一步探討。

[參考文獻]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家綺,范連凱.靜脈血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中華內科雜志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

盡管在病因學上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發生發展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發生有關聯,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發生概率的關系仍需我們進一步探討。

[參考文獻]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家綺,范連凱.靜脈血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中華內科雜志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

盡管在病因學上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發生發展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發生有關聯,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發生概率的關系仍需我們進一步探討。

[參考文獻]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家綺,范連凱.靜脈血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中華內科雜志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

91香蕉高清国产线观看免费-97夜夜澡人人爽人人喊a-99久久久无码国产精品9-国产亚洲日韩欧美综合