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吉林省不同類型土壤玉米氮肥效應研究

2015-11-30 05:56楊建劉笑笑樊慧梅
現代農業科技 2015年18期

楊建++劉笑笑++樊慧梅

摘要 采用田間試驗研究不同氮肥用量對吉林省東部(沖積土)、中部(黑土)、西部(淡黑鈣土)不同類型土壤玉米產量的影響。結果表明:在不同類型土壤上,玉米產量均隨氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趨勢,根據玉米產量(y)和施氮量(x)擬合,結合當年玉米價格和肥料投入,得出吉林省東部(沖積土)、中部(黑土)、西部(淡黑鈣土)最高產量氮肥用量和最佳經濟產量的氮肥用量分別為203.3 kg/hm2、169.6 kg/hm2、173.2 kg/hm2和185.5 kg/hm2、149.0 kg/hm2、156.7 kg/hm2。綜合考慮提高玉米產量和效益等因素,在吉林省東部(沖積土)適宜氮肥用量為185.5 kg/hm2,中部(黑土)適宜氮肥用量為149.0 kg/hm2、西部(淡黑鈣土)適宜氮肥用量為156.7 kg/hm2。另外,土壤堿解氮含量與需氮量之間為負相關。

關鍵詞 氮肥效應;玉米產量;土壤類型;吉林長春

中圖分類號 S513;S143.1 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-5739(2015)18-0009-02

Research of Nitrogen Fertilizer Effect on Maize Under Different Types of Soil in Jilin Province

YANG Jian1,2 LIU Xiao-xiao1,2 FAN Hui-mei1,2

(1 Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun Jilin 130033;

2 Risk Assessment Lab of Agri-products Quality and Safety(Changchun),Agriculture Ministry of P.R.C)

Abstract Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer application on the maize yield under different types of soil in east of Jilin Province(alluvial soil),middle(black),west(light chernozem).The results showed that maize yield all along with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer increased under different types of soil,according to the maize yield(y)and nitrogen fertilizer application(x)fitting,combined with the price of maize and fertilizer inputs,it was concluded that the nitrogen fertilizer application of the highest yield and best economic yield were 203.3 kg/hm2,169.6 kg/hm2,173.2 kg/hm2 and 185.5 kg/hm2,149.0 kg/hm2,156.7 kg/hm2 on eastern Jilin Province(alluvial soil),middle(black) and west(light chernozem)respectively.Considering factors such as improved maize yield and benefit comprehensively,the suitable for nitrogen fertilizer was 185.5 kg/hm2 in eastern Jilin Province(alluvial soil),149.0 kg/hm2 in central(black),156.7 kg/hm2 in west(light chernozem).There was closely linear negative correlation between soil alkaline hydrolysis N content and N application rate can put forward the suitable for nitrogen fertilizer by the related patterns of soil under different alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen levels.

Key words fertilizer response of nitrogen;maize yield;soil type;Changchun Jilin

玉米生產在吉林省農業生產中占有極其重要的地位,是吉林省種植面積最大的糧食作物,產量占全國的12.5%,為2 578.8萬t[1]。吉林省玉米生產對我國糧食安全至關重要。

在各種營養元素中,氮素是作物最敏感的元素。施用氮肥,不僅對作物的生長發育[2-3]、產量形成[4-5]、抗逆性等有顯著的效應,而且影響生態環境[6-8]。在玉米產量不斷增加的條件下,施用氮肥的增產效果逐漸下降,氮肥利用率不斷下降[2-10],從而加重對土壤的污染。據統計,目前我國玉米的氮肥利用率不足30%[11]。因此,研究氮素的吸收和利用規律、促進氮肥合理施用,有助于玉米產量提高、生態環境保護。近年來,關于氮肥的吸收規律、施用技術及對玉米的增產效果已有不少研究[4-13],并得到一些重要結論,但不同類型土壤下施氮對玉米產量方面影響的研究較少。為此,在吉林省東、中、西部不同類型土壤玉米帶設置不同氮肥用量,研究氮肥的施用效果,以為吉林省不同類型土壤玉米帶氮肥施用提供科學依據。

摘要 采用田間試驗研究不同氮肥用量對吉林省東部(沖積土)、中部(黑土)、西部(淡黑鈣土)不同類型土壤玉米產量的影響。結果表明:在不同類型土壤上,玉米產量均隨氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趨勢,根據玉米產量(y)和施氮量(x)擬合,結合當年玉米價格和肥料投入,得出吉林省東部(沖積土)、中部(黑土)、西部(淡黑鈣土)最高產量氮肥用量和最佳經濟產量的氮肥用量分別為203.3 kg/hm2、169.6 kg/hm2、173.2 kg/hm2和185.5 kg/hm2、149.0 kg/hm2、156.7 kg/hm2。綜合考慮提高玉米產量和效益等因素,在吉林省東部(沖積土)適宜氮肥用量為185.5 kg/hm2,中部(黑土)適宜氮肥用量為149.0 kg/hm2、西部(淡黑鈣土)適宜氮肥用量為156.7 kg/hm2。另外,土壤堿解氮含量與需氮量之間為負相關。

關鍵詞 氮肥效應;玉米產量;土壤類型;吉林長春

中圖分類號 S513;S143.1 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-5739(2015)18-0009-02

Research of Nitrogen Fertilizer Effect on Maize Under Different Types of Soil in Jilin Province

YANG Jian1,2 LIU Xiao-xiao1,2 FAN Hui-mei1,2

(1 Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun Jilin 130033;

2 Risk Assessment Lab of Agri-products Quality and Safety(Changchun),Agriculture Ministry of P.R.C)

Abstract Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer application on the maize yield under different types of soil in east of Jilin Province(alluvial soil),middle(black),west(light chernozem).The results showed that maize yield all along with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer increased under different types of soil,according to the maize yield(y)and nitrogen fertilizer application(x)fitting,combined with the price of maize and fertilizer inputs,it was concluded that the nitrogen fertilizer application of the highest yield and best economic yield were 203.3 kg/hm2,169.6 kg/hm2,173.2 kg/hm2 and 185.5 kg/hm2,149.0 kg/hm2,156.7 kg/hm2 on eastern Jilin Province(alluvial soil),middle(black) and west(light chernozem)respectively.Considering factors such as improved maize yield and benefit comprehensively,the suitable for nitrogen fertilizer was 185.5 kg/hm2 in eastern Jilin Province(alluvial soil),149.0 kg/hm2 in central(black),156.7 kg/hm2 in west(light chernozem).There was closely linear negative correlation between soil alkaline hydrolysis N content and N application rate can put forward the suitable for nitrogen fertilizer by the related patterns of soil under different alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen levels.

Key words fertilizer response of nitrogen;maize yield;soil type;Changchun Jilin

玉米生產在吉林省農業生產中占有極其重要的地位,是吉林省種植面積最大的糧食作物,產量占全國的12.5%,為2 578.8萬t[1]。吉林省玉米生產對我國糧食安全至關重要。

在各種營養元素中,氮素是作物最敏感的元素。施用氮肥,不僅對作物的生長發育[2-3]、產量形成[4-5]、抗逆性等有顯著的效應,而且影響生態環境[6-8]。在玉米產量不斷增加的條件下,施用氮肥的增產效果逐漸下降,氮肥利用率不斷下降[2-10],從而加重對土壤的污染。據統計,目前我國玉米的氮肥利用率不足30%[11]。因此,研究氮素的吸收和利用規律、促進氮肥合理施用,有助于玉米產量提高、生態環境保護。近年來,關于氮肥的吸收規律、施用技術及對玉米的增產效果已有不少研究[4-13],并得到一些重要結論,但不同類型土壤下施氮對玉米產量方面影響的研究較少。為此,在吉林省東、中、西部不同類型土壤玉米帶設置不同氮肥用量,研究氮肥的施用效果,以為吉林省不同類型土壤玉米帶氮肥施用提供科學依據。

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