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“語義場”理論在高中英語完形填空教學中的應用

2020-07-06 16:40李婷
廣東教學報·教育綜合 2020年77期
關鍵詞:逆向思維高中英語

李婷

【摘要】結合一堂高中英語完形填空指導課,從生活中、語段中到語篇三個方面舉例,介紹“語義場”,讓學生準確理解“語義場”與完形填空解題的關系,并最終通過逆向思維,借助“語義場”理論對完整的語篇進行完形填空的設題。

【關鍵詞】高中英語;完形填空設題;語義場;逆向思維

《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》中提出了英語學習活動觀,強調在語言知識的學習中增加“語篇”知識,要求培養學生依托不同類型的語篇,掌握關于語篇的微觀和宏觀結構,結合語篇,從語篇層面分析文章。因此,語篇分析的相關理論也成為了英語教學研究中一個日益重要的課題。與此同時,筆者在多年的高中英語教學中發現,完形填空訓練中,學生的語篇意識尤為缺乏。不少學生只關注語言,搭配甚至詞匯,對于涉及到上下文和語篇的題目比較難做出正確的選擇。因此,筆者將嘗試將語篇分析理論中的語義場理論運用于完形填空的教學中。

語義場(Semantic field)的理論可以追溯到19世紀德國語言學家特里爾,他指出:語言詞匯中的詞在語義上是互相聯系的,共同構成了一個完整的詞匯系統,詞只有在“語義場”中才有“意義”。具體來說,可以理解為:第一,有些詞可以在一個共同概念的支配下組成一個語義場,比如,上下義關系的詞;第二,屬于同一個語義場的詞,在語義上相關也相互制約和規定。比如,balance與bank, account, interest等構成語義場,要確定balance的意思就需要根源根據它與這個語義場的其他詞的關系入手,最終確定balance的意思是“余額”。本文中指代的“語義場“理論指的是通過詞匯的使用構建表達積極態度的正面語義場和表達否定、消極態度的負面語義場。在高考完形填空中,文章多以夾敘夾議類為主,多通過詞匯的運用體現了作者情感態度的體現和變化。比如,抑——揚或揚——抑——揚的語義場模式,其中“抑”指的是負面的語義場,作者會使用如“awful, hate, depressed, annoying”等詞匯;“揚”指的是負面的語義場,作者會使用如“positive, happy, rewarding, useful”等的詞匯。

下面結合筆者執教的一堂高中英語完形填空教學,闡述“語義場”理論在完形填空解題中的應用。課堂依托語義場理論,并啟發學生通過逆向思維的方式思考完形填空的選項,從介紹語義場的定義到熟悉到運用,層層遞進。

一、熟悉“語義場”的概念

1.借助圖片和鮮明、熟悉的場景,以輕松而有趣的方式引入,讓學生初步感知語義場的概念。

Use examples to explain what semantic field is. Offer two situations with different choices, and Ss are required to choose the one that fit in with the situation ( to attend a fancy ball; to decorate a bright and clear reading-room ).? In this way, help students to realize that in order to express a certain feeling or atmosphere, certain types of items could be chosen.

2.回歸教材,讓學生在熟悉的文章中發現語義場,多角度理解教材的文本。同時,引導學生根據所獲得的信息,提取共同特征,并對知識進行遷移,類別。

Adopt one paragraph from the text book Book 6 Unit 1 Art to demonstrate the meaning of “semantic field”, and ask Ss to analyze people's attitude towards the Impressionists and find out the clues.

(選段1) At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.

(negative semantic field: dislike, very angry, careless, ridiculous)

(選段2) For a long time Gabriel didn't want to be involved in music at all. In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at music students, struggling across the campus with their heavy instrument cases…

(negative semantic field: didn't want to be involved in music at all, pityingly at, struggling? across)

(選段3)With a sinking feeling, he realized that he actually enjoyed playing the piano. He tried to hide his obvious pleasure from the music teacher, who had wandered over to listen.

(positive semantic field: a sinking feeling, enjoyed playing the piano, his obvious pleasure)

In this way, help students to realize that in order to express a certain feeling or atmosphere, certain types of expressions could be chosen.

3.在語篇中再次體會“語義場”的使用。通過對課前完成的語篇的詳細解讀,找到作者的用詞與語義場之間的關聯。

讀首段,發現文章的主題是 the way children learn. 語篇類型是調查研究類, 并且提出下文兩個鮮明的語義場的轉化“obvious, differ from”到 “unexpected, commonalities” 的轉變。

For much of the 20th century, most psychologists? 43? ?the traditional theory that a newborns mind is a/an? 44? sheet of paper upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed. During that time, scientists believed that oral? 45? was necessary for abstract thought. In its? 46? , scientists assumed that a baby could not have? 47? of abstract concepts. As babies are born with a/an? 48? range of behaviors and spend most of their early months sleeping, they certainly appear passive and? 49? . Therefore, it was commonly thought that babies? 50? the ability to form complex ideas. Until recently, there was no obvious way for babies to prove anything to the ___51___? to the researcher.

In time, however, challenges to this 52? arose. It became clear that with? 53

designed scientific procedures, psychologists could find ways to? 54? ?rather complex question about how much infants and young children know and what? 55? they have. Psychologists began to employ new methods to? 56? a large amount of data about the remarkable abilities that young children? 57? .? Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier? 58? ?in the field that focused almost? 59? on what children lacked. The? 60? of young children came to life through this research. It became clear that very young children are both competent and active when it comes to their mental development.

找到語義場標志詞:第二段中的passive, 表示消極的、負向的語義場;第三段中的 remarkable, competent and active, 表示正向的、積極的語義場。然后引導學生圍繞核心的正向或負向語義場,尋找更多的作者用詞和表達的體現,并整理成思維導圖的形式。

這一環節是課堂的主體,能幫助學生清晰而全面地體會不同語義場在文章中的體現及在完形填空解題中的應用。

4.借助語義場變化明顯的典型文章(課前完成并對好答案),引導學生小組合作,發現并總結語義場與文章作者的用詞,描述兩者之間的關系。引導學生通過比較、識別各種信息之間的關系,找到內在的關聯和差異,并總結出共同特征, 提升思維品質。

二、引導學生學以致用

從出題者的角度,結合上下文,設置完形填空,并說明原因。

…When we handed him the bag of food, he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes. When I handed him the gift card (禮物卡), saying he could use it for whatever his family might need, he burst into tears…

A. sleepy? B. watery? C. curious? D. sharp

高考完形中的選段,學生嘗試將其設成完形填空的形式。對比高考的原題,讓學生體會設題的成就感, 也學會從出題者的角度思考問題。在高考完形填空的完整語篇中,嘗試將第一段設置成語法填空,鞏固課堂所學。文章是自的完整語篇,有鮮明的語義場的變化。引導學識用總結歸納的結論解決問題,用新的視角認識問題,解決問題,提升學生的思維品質。

這節課的課堂設計巧妙,角度新穎。讓學生用逆向思維,從出題者的角度了解完形填空出題的解題方法,很好地引起了學生的興趣,學生能對完形填空形成全新的理解視角,切實提高完形的解題技能。經過課堂的學習和鋪墊,不少學生最終設置的空格與高考中的設題是一致的,學生因此也受到了極大的鼓舞,感到了學習英語的成就感和滿足感。

三、結語

基于“語義場”的技巧學習非常到位,筆者用了大量的素材進行說明和鋪墊,從圖片或圖形引入,到技巧在英語中的體現,再進一步用2-3個完形中的例子進行說明和強化,最后再讓學生將所學應用于實踐,嘗試設置完形填空的空格,由淺入深,層層遞進,從而提升了學生的英語水平。

參考文獻:

[1]教育部.普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)[S].人民教育出版社.

[2]陳蓓科.利用態度信號詞和邏輯信號詞——把握主題語義場,巧解完形填空[J].英語教師,2019.

[3]周靜.重視語篇體裁分析 突破英語教學瓶頸[J].華中農業大學學報(社會科學版),2007(1):67.

[4]劉恩祥.語義場理論在語篇中的作用試析[J].深圳信息職業技術學院學報,2004(2):1.

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