浙商文化與浙商精神

文/楊軼清 林國喻

2022年12月23日下午，第六屆世界浙商大會在浙江省人民大會堂開幕。The Six World Zhejiang Entrepreneurs Convention opens at the Great Hall of People in Zhejiang on December 23, 2022.

創業創新闖天下，合心合力強浙江。12月23日下午，第六屆世界浙商大會在浙江省人民大會堂開幕。來自五湖四海的浙商滿懷游子思鄉情、赤子桑梓情、驕子創業情，回到家鄉、匯聚一堂，共敘情誼、共商合作、共謀發展、共話未來。

時代在發展，浙商的腳步從未停止。作為浙江改革開放的生力軍，40多年來，浙商推動浙江發展的路徑也在與時俱進。在推進中國式現代化、建設共同富裕示范區的新征程上，浙商文化依然是浙商打造世界一流企業的靈魂。

企業是一個社會的經濟細胞，是人類社會經濟活動的基本形式，企業家是推動社會進步的重要力量。據不完全統計，有600多萬浙江人在省外創業，有150多萬浙江人在世界各地創業，海內外的浙商近1000多萬人，中國民營企業500強浙企上榜家數連續23年蟬聯全國首位，浙商是當代中國最具有辨識度的創業者群體，他們是時代的弄潮兒。浙商就像聞名中外的錢江潮水，勇立潮頭，敢為人先，勇闖天下，體現著浙江人的精神，是中國乃至世界上規模最大、分布最廣、最具活力、最具創造力的企業家群體。

浙商經濟現象的背后，有著深厚的文化積淀，浙商文化是浙商之魂。浙商文化和良渚文化、吳越文化、宋韻文化一樣，都是浙江文化的重要組成部分，是浙江的一張金名片，文化的力量成為引領和支撐浙商創新創業的不竭動力，促進地方經濟的發展，推動著社會文明的進步。

浙商的文化基因

浙江人在文化上擁有敢于創新的傳統。從先秦至明清，浙江地區涌現出非常多的思想巨人，他們或開一代之學風，或成時學主流，或領昭著功業，形成了獨特的問題關切與思維進路，這種獨特的“浙學”文化傳統，成為浙商文化的思想基礎。

先秦時期的代表人物計然、范蠡，東漢的王充，所構筑的以尊重自然的理性主義、講求務實的實用主義與志在經濟的實踐精神，是浙江重商文化在思想與精神上的重要發源，也為浙商崛起與浙江發展奠定了思想理論基石。

現代浙商文化的歷史起源中，充分借鑒了海洋文化和中原文化的精髓，成就了儒家文化中獨特的一脈。這一文化基因以南宋時期溫州的“永嘉學派”和金華的“永康學派”為代表，在“舍利取義、以農為本”的農耕社會中就開始強調“義利并重、工商皆本”的觀念，這無疑是一個大膽的創新。

“浙學”萌芽于先秦，自南宋成形以來歷經800余年，至今仍是支撐浙江發展的強大文化動力。浙江先哲們開創的這種求真務實的精神、敢于創新的文化傳統，也成為改革開放后浙商迅速崛起為中國最具影響力的商幫群體之一的源頭活水。

浙商的文化基因是一脈相承的，是一種非常寶貴的精神財富，這一優勢與浙江的其他優勢結合，政府、民間互動，使浙江的經濟更加發展、民主更加健全、科教更加進步、文化更加繁榮、社會更加和諧、人民生活更加富裕。

浙商的創業精神

浙商大都草根起步，早在計劃經濟年代就有“勿以善小而不為”的精神。在那個年代，一大批浙江人離開浙江，在全國各地從事各種被當地人看作“胸無大志”的工作，而如今浙江許多身價上億的民營企業家就是從這些人群中冒出來的。當年，他們中有些是收破爛的，有些是彈棉花的，有些補鞋，有些是打鐵的小爐匠，但他們從來不以從事這些勞動為恥，善于把握機會，為以后的創業積累了寶貴的經驗。

在浙商的崛起過程中，最典型的一個是“四千精神”：即走遍千山萬水，想盡千方百計，講盡千言萬語，歷盡千辛萬苦。創業經商，哪里有市場，哪里就有浙商，走遍千山萬水，體現的是格局。想盡千方百計，善于變通，不為失敗找借口，只為成功找方法，體現的是智商。做生意，歸根結底是與人打交道，講盡千言萬語，體現的是情商。歷盡千辛萬苦，白天當老板，晚上睡地板，體現的是逆商?！八那Ь瘛笔菍φ闵叹褡顐魃竦目坍?，體現了浙商群體獨有的人格魅力和精神特質。

改革開放之初，浙商發揚“四千精神”，為浙江經濟社會日后的繁榮發展奠定了重要的原始資本基礎。浙商的敢為人先與勤勞實干，走出了以民營經濟為主的浙江經濟新局面。

工匠精神在浙商群體中是有傳承的，因為浙江本來就是百工之鄉，浙江地少人多，窮人不得不用手藝來養家糊口。所以浙江手藝人特別多，這種工匠精神在各行各業都有體現。但是，今天的工匠精神是在老祖宗基礎上的一種提升與升華。今天，無論是傳統技術產業、文化產業還是高端制造產業等，浙商都在用工匠精神提供優質的產品。吉利就是很好的例子。浙商從仿制到自主制造到精工制造，現在是創新制造，這就是升華。

浙商從改革開放以來一直都是勇立潮頭的，但是今天的勇立潮頭和未來的勇立潮頭不是簡單的“喝頭口水，別人沒干過的事我來干”，我們的目標要瞄準世界一流企業，要在國際視野的基礎上勇立潮頭。

浙商的區域文化

“一方水土養一方人”，是社會觀察的客觀結論。浙商作為一個群體，其實與浙江的山山水水，與浙江的傳統文化，與浙江人的品格休戚相關。因為人是社會自然元素的綜合體，必然與其長期的生活環境有著因果聯系。明代著名學者王士性在其人文地理名著《廣志繹》一書中對各地中國人的性格特征進行了細致準確的描述：

知名浙商的人物像展示長廊。A long corridor showcasing the pictures of notable Zhejiang entrepreneurs.

杭、嘉、湖平原水鄉，是為澤國之民；金、衢、嚴、處，丘陵險阻，是為山谷之民；寧、紹、臺、溫連山大海，是為海濱之民。三民各自為俗：澤國之民，舟楫為居，百貨所聚，閭閻易于富貴，俗尚奢侈，縉紳氣勢大而眾庶??；山谷之民，石氣所鐘，猛烈鷙復，輕犯刑法，喜習儉素，然豪民頗負氣，聚黨與而傲縉紳；海濱之民，餐風宿水，百死一生，以有海利為生不甚窮，以不通商販不甚富，閭閻與縉紳相安，官民得貴賤之中，俗尚居奢儉之半。

浙商是以共同文化倫理為紐帶組成的企業家群體，由杭州、寧波、溫州、紹興、金華等11個設區市組成。從地域來說，其內部由不同的板塊構成。因為浙江縣市之間歷史文化經濟呈現較大差異性，因此內部各板塊的浙商也有相應的差異，其歷史淵源、形成過程、行為習慣、經濟特色都有個性化的呈現。正是各地“二級浙商”的差異性，使得浙商整體內涵更加豐富深厚。

杭州是中國歷史文化名城，中國八大古都之一，被譽為“人間天堂”“絲綢之府”“中國茶都”。杭商因地理原因主要受吳越文化影響，在歷史發展過程中又吸收了佛教、道教文化，吸收了以中原文化為主的北方文化和皇家文化，還吸收了海外文化以及以科學技術為主要內容的西方文化等，兼具傳統與現代，形成了“開放兼容”“和諧創新”的地域文化。

范蠡被后人尊稱為“商圣”，圖為諸暨范蠡祠。Fan Li is regarded as the Saint of Business. A Fan Li Shrine is shown in the picture.

浙江上虞籍漢代著名思想家王充 ,被稱為“浙學的開山之祖”,著有不朽的浙學經典名著—《論衡》。Wang Chong, a Han dynasty thinker born in Zhejiang’s Shangyu, is considered the“founder of the Zhe School. His main work was Lunheng (or Critical Essays).

寧波是具有7000多年文明史的“河姆渡文化”發祥地。寧波文化薈萃，四明學派、陽明學派、浙東學派等在歷史上產生較大影響。寧波是一座有著悠久商業文明的文化城市，商業史可追溯到唐宋，唐宋的明州，是中國最重要的對外貿易港口之一。浙東學派源于儒學卻對儒學做出革新，把儒學和經世濟用相結合，寧波商幫形成獨特的“商文合一”“尚文尚禮、崇信崇義”的地域文化。寧波商幫是近代中國最大的商幫，“無寧不成市”的說法馳名海內外。

溫臺歷史上也是重要對外開放貿易港口，改革開放后，成為中國市場經濟最活躍的城市，創造了許多中國第一，“溫臺模式”成為全國典型。溫臺商人受“山海文化”“永嘉文化”等影響，注重經世致用，主張通商惠工，表現出“敢為人先”“吃苦耐勞”“走遍四?！钡壬虡I特質，尤其是溫州商人成為浙商群體中在全球地域分布最廣的一支。從GDP角度來說，在外創業的200萬溫州人相當于在溫州之外又再造了另一個溫州。

蕭紹地區即古越文化的核心地區，先秦越國范蠡和計然的商品經濟思想，一開始就體現了不尚虛功、求實利的風格。它擁有重商傳統，史書記載：“越人，喜奔競，善商賈?！笔捊B商幫是由活躍在蕭紹平原上的蕭山、紹興本土企業家組成的群體，蕭山和紹興是浙江經濟最為發達的地區之一，是中國最大的紡織化纖制造基地。蕭紹商人以“奔競不息，勇立潮頭，敢為天下先”的氣魄聞名于世。

金華是百工之鄉，自古手工業發達 。宋元時期逐漸發展成東南地區著名的文化和學術中心，以呂祖謙為代表的“呂學”、以陳亮為代表的“永康之學”對婺商文化影響深遠。義烏、東陽、永康是婺商最為集中的區域，這三個地方又各具特色。義烏商人“雞毛換糖”的商業創舉，被列為浙商標志性事件第一名。義烏是全世界最大的小商品集散中心，被稱為“世界小商品之都”。

The Spirit of Zhejiang Entrepreneurs

By Yang Yiqing Lin Guoyu

The Sixth World Zhejiang Entrepreneurs Convention was opened at the Great Hall of People in Zhejiang on December 23,2022. It attracted over 700 participants, including business leaders,overseas Zhejiang business people, Fortune 500 representatives and scholars, among others. In this changing era of economic deve lopment, Zhejiang businessmen have never stopped their steps. As a new force in Zhejiang’s reform and opening-up, they have been promoting its development innovatively for more than 40 years.

Enterprises are the economic cells of a society and the basic form of human socioeconomic activities. Meanwhile,entrepreneurs are an important force to promote social progress.

Zhejiang entrepreneurs are the most recognizable group of entrepreneurs in China. They are the trendsetters of the times. Like the famous Qiantang tidal bore, Zhejiang businessmen bravely stand at the forefront of the tide, daring to be the first and to brave the world, which reflects the spirit of Zhejiang people as the largest, most widely distributed, most dynamic, and most creative group of entrepreneurs in China and even in the world.

Behind the economic phenomenon of Zhejiang businessmen lies a profound cultural accumulation. That is to say, the unique culture of Zhejiang entrepreneurs is their soul. Just like Liangzhu Culture, Wuyue culture and Song culture, it is an important part of Zhejiang culture and a golden business card of Zhejiang.The power of culture has become an inexhaustible driving force to guide and support the innovation and entrepreneurship of Zhejiang businessmen, boosting the development of local economy, promoting the progress of social civilization.

Zhejiang people have a tradition of innovation in culture.From the pre-Qin (221-207 BC) period to the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1616-1911) dynasties, there were many giants of thought in Zhejiang, who either opened up a learning style or scored notable achievements, forming a unique focus and thinking path. This unique cultural tradition of Zhexue, or the Zhejiang School of studies, has become the ideological foundation of Zhejiang business culture.

The historical origin of the modern Zhejiang business culture has drawn on the essence of the maritime culture and the culture of the Central Plains (Central China) to form a unique lineage of Confucianism. Zhexue, sprouting in the pre-Qin period, has lasted for more than 800 years since it took shape in the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), and is still a powerful cultural driving force supporting the development of Zhejiang. This spirit of truth-seeking and pragmatism and the cultural tradition of daring to innovate started by ancient Zhejiang philosophers has also become the source of living water for the rapid rise of Zhejiang businessmen as the most influential business group in China after the 1980s, making economy more developed, democracy more sound, science and education more progressive, culture more prosperous, society more harmonious and people’s life more affluent in Zhejiang.

Most of the businessmen in Zhejiang started from scratch and had the spirit of “always doing good, however small” in the planned economy. A large number of Zhejiang people left their hometown to be engaged in jobs across the country that were shunned by the locals. They never felt ashamed of their trivial jobs and were good at seizing opportunities, accumulating valuable experience for future entrepreneurship.

傳說中國傳統稱量工具桿秤是范蠡發明的，這是從運河杭州段出土的漢代鐵權（鐵秤砣）和元代鐵權，以及一個罕見的石頭秤砣。Legend has it that the steelyard, a traditional Chinese weighing tool, was invented by Fan Li. The picture shows a Han dynasty iron weight and a Yuan dynasty iron weight unearthed from the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal, as well as a rare stone weight.

In the process of the rise of Zhejiang businessmen, their most typical experience is “Four-Thousand Spirit”: that is, to travel thousands of mountains and rivers, to think of thousands of ways and means, to speak thousands of words, and to pass through thousands of ordeals. And the “Four-Thousand Spirit” is the most evocative portrayal of the spirit of Zhejiang businessmen, reflecting the unique charisma and spiritual qualities of the Zhejiang business community.

Craftsmanship is inheritable in the Zhejiang business community because Zhejiang has always been the home of hundred types of craftsmen, and the poor had to use their crafts to support their families because of the large population on the small farmland. But nowadays, craftsmanship is a kind of upgrading and sublimation based on our ancestors. Whether in traditional,classical industries, cultural industries or high-end manufacturing industries, Zhejiang businessmen are providing superior products with craftsmanship. The carmaker Geely is a good example.

Since China’s Reform and Opening-Up, Zhejiang businessmen have always been at the forefront of the tide. But braving the tide today and in the future is not simply “to do what others have not done”. The goal is to establish world-class enterprises, and to stand out on the basis of our international vision.

It is an objective conclusion from social observation that“the unique features of a local environment always give special characteristics to its inhabitants”. Zhejiang businessmen are a group of entrepreneurs linked by a common cultural ethos, consisting of those in 11 cities including Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing and Jinhua. The huge differences in history and culture between local counties and cities lead to corresponding internal differences of the businessmen. It is the difference of “secondary Zhejiang businessmen” in different regions that makes the overall connotation of Zhejiang businessmen rich and profound

Hangzhou is a famous historical and cultural city and one of the eight ancient national capitals of China. Due to geographical reasons, Hangzhou businessmen are mainly influenced by Wuyue culture. In the process of historical development, they have also absorbed Buddhist and Taoist culture, Northern Chinese culture and imperial culture, as well as Western culture with science and technology as the main content. With both tradition and modernity, they embody a regional culture of “openness and compatibility” and “harmony and innovation”. As one of the most important international trade ports in China, Ningbo is the birthplace of Hemudu Culture with a history of over 70 centuries.Ningbo businessmen group is the largest business community in modern China, and the saying “No market is possible without Ningbo businessmen” is well known at home and abroad.Historically, Wenzhou and Taizhou were also important ports for foreign trade, and the “Wenzhou-Taizhou model” has become a national model. In particular, Wenzhou businessmen are the most widely distributed group of Zhejiang businessmen worldwide.From the perspective of GDP, what is created by the two million Wenzhou people who started their businesses outside of Wenzhou is equivalent to that made in Wenzhou.

The Xiaoshan-Shaoxing area is the core area of ancient Yue culture, whose businessmen are famous for their mercantile spirit of “competing endlessly, standing at the forefront of the tide, and daring to be the first in the world”. Jinhua has been a place of developed handicrafts since ancient times. Yiwu, Dongyang and Yongkang are places where Jinhua merchants are most densely concentrated, though with their diverse characteristics. Yiwu businessmen’s practices of “bartering chicken feathers for sugar”are listed as one of the most significant events of Zhejiang business in recent history. Yiwu is the world’s largest small commodity distribution center, known as the “capital of small commodities in the world”.

浙商博物館“天上那些星星”板塊介紹了7位浙商杰出代表，其姓名被國際小行星中心和國際小行星命名委員會用于命名新發現的一些小行星。In “Stars in the Sky” section at the Zhejiang Entrepreneurs Museum, the names of seven prominent Zhejiang business people have been used by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union for newly discovered asteroids.