可持續發展教育——圖書館的責任

潘雅茵（Priscilla Pun）：國際圖書館協會與機構聯合會（International Federation of library Associations and Institutions， IFLA，以下簡稱“國際圖聯”）環境、可持續發展和圖書館專業組（Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Section，ENSULIB）秘書，曾任ENSULIB信息協調員（2021—2023年），澳門大學圖書館技術服務組事務主管。

佩特拉·豪克博士（Dr.Petra Hauke）：國際圖聯環境、可持續發展和圖書館專業組導師，曾任ENSULIB秘書（2021—2023年），德國柏林洪堡大學（Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin）圖書情報學學院講師，奧地利圖書館協會（Austrian Library Association）教育項目講師，德語區“綠色圖書館網絡”創始成員之一。2021年被授予國際圖聯特別鳴謝獎（IFLA Scroll of Appreciation）。

潘雅茵：請您談談對圖書館可持續發展內涵的理解？您認為這一概念是如何演變的？外部環境，比如技術，對圖書館和可持續發展有何影響？

豪克：根據《圖書館學情報學在線詞典》（Online Dictionary For Library and Information Science， ODLIS）中的定義，“綠色圖書館”與“可持續圖書館”是同義詞?？沙掷m圖書館被定義為“通過精心選擇地點、使用自然建筑材料和可生物降解產品、節約資源（水、能源、紙張）以及負責任的廢物處理（回收等）來最大限度地減少對自然環境的負面影響，并確保室內環境質量達到最佳水平”[1]。然而，“綠色圖書館”或“可持續圖書館”這些術語不應僅限于建筑方面。綠色和可持續圖書館還應關注所有符合《變革我們的世界——2030年可持續發展議程》（以下簡稱《2030年議程》的與可持續性相關的服務、活動、事件、文獻和項目，展現圖書館作為可持續發展教育（Education for Sustainable Development， ESD）領域領導者的社會角色和責任[2]。

這種更廣泛的視角衍生出了對“什么是綠色圖書館？”的另一種定義，這一定義受《2030年議程》及其可持續發展目標[3]的啟發，由ENSULIB在2022年升級成為專業組時正式發布。目前，這項定義已經被世界上多個國家所采用，并被翻譯成了32種語言：“綠色可持續圖書館是一個考慮到環境、經濟和社會可持續性的圖書館。綠色可持續圖書館可以是任何規模，但它們應該有一個明確的可持續發展綱領，其中包括：

綠色建筑和設備：積極減少建筑和設備的排放物或碳足跡。

綠色辦公室原則：實行符合環境可持續性的營運常規與程序。

可持續的經濟：消費嚴謹、發展循環與共享經濟實踐，讓社區易于理解與運用。

可持續的圖書館服務：圖書館擁有具正面意義的碳手印。透過有效率的營運給予使用者方便獲取持續更新的切題信息的渠道，并提供共享空間、設備及環境教育機會。

社會可持續性：圖書館積極致力于減少社會的不平等。將良好的教育、素養、社區交流、跨文化多元性、社會包容及總體參與度納入服務考慮。

環境管理：環境的目標是具體的（SMART - Specific）、可衡量的（Measurable） 、可實現的（Achievable）、實際的（Realistic）和有時限的（Timebound）。圖書館除了降低自身對環境的負面影響，也將其環境政策及相關環境作業的實施和成果傳達給更廣泛的大眾。

對總體環境目標和計劃的承諾：承諾以聯合國可持續發展目標及《巴黎氣候協議》等相關的環境認證和計劃為導向?！雹?/p>

圖書館總是能快速利用技術優勢謀求自身發展。僅舉幾例，比如提供數字媒體服務，采取“數字優先”戰略，都可以被視為深具民主性的舉措。通過這樣的方式，圖書館能夠通過互聯網接觸那些無法親臨圖書館的用戶，從而實現《2030年議程》中提出的減少社會和性別不平等的目標。

潘雅茵：您是ENSULIB的創始人之一，國際圖聯的綠色圖書館獎是ENSULIB的一個重要項目，您能從您的角度談談這個獎項嗎？

豪克：國際圖聯的綠色圖書館獎由ENSULIB（當時還是特別興趣小組）于2015年設立。正是得益于該項目的成功，ENSULIB才在2021年正式升級成為國際圖聯的一個專業組[4]。該獎項從設立之初就得到了德國德古意特·紹爾（De Gruyter Saur）[5]出版社的慷慨贊助。

國際圖聯綠色圖書館獎旨在實現以下目標[6]：

表彰最杰出的綠色圖書館，傳達圖書館對環境可持續性的承諾；

提高社會對圖書館社會責任和在環境教育中領導作用的認識，鼓勵各類型圖書館參與其中；

支持全球綠色圖書館運動，關注環境可持續性建筑、環境可持續性信息資源和規劃、資源和能源保護；

推動本地和全球綠色圖書館項目的發展；

鼓勵綠色圖書館積極向全球展示他們的活動。

根據《國際圖聯戰略框架2019—2024》“1.1展示圖書館在實現可持續發展目標方面的力量”的要求②，該獎項旨在通過強調圖書館和圖書館員在推動可持續標準建設和促進專業實踐中的專業角色，來推進圖書館行業的發展。該獎項設置了兩個類別：

類別1：最佳綠色圖書館/大規模項目

類別2：最佳綠色圖書館項目

那些小投入大產出的項目也可能會得到特別的認可。

國際圖聯的綠色圖書館獎從2016年開始作為年度獎項頒發。每年都會收到來自世界各地的50余份申請。評審工作由ENSULIB評審委員會負責，該委員會由來自公共圖書館和學術圖書館的圖書情報領域專業人士以及來自不同國家和大洲的建筑領域專家組成。除了評選出最佳項目外，還會提名最多五個圖書館的短名單，以表彰他們的杰出工作。

綠色圖書館獎讓圖書館有機會向全球公眾展示其符合《2030年議程》精神的可持續項目。這些項目不僅能夠作為最佳實踐激勵其他圖書館效仿，也展現了圖書館在實現聯合國可持續發展目標方面的重要貢獻。歷屆獲獎者都會在國際圖聯綠色圖書館獎的網站[7]上予以公布，其中也有來自中國的項目。

潘雅茵：您是如何看待圖書館作為可持續發展教育者的角色的？圖書館在這方面可以做些什么？您能結合德國圖書館的實踐談談這個問題嗎？

豪克：在關于可持續發展教育的教育領域政策文件中，圖書館并未明確地被視為一個重要角色。然而，已經有許多實例可以表明他們早已積極參與其中。作為面向社區所有人開放的教育機構，圖書館能夠觸及最廣泛的人群。尤其是那些自我定位為“綠色圖書館”的機構，不僅積極將自身的負面生態“足跡”降至最低，還致力于成為可持續發展的“示范者、教育者和推動者”[8]，并將可持續發展教育作為圖書館工作的重要指導方針。

聯合國教育、科學及文化組織的“2030年可持續發展教育”計劃超越了提供相關媒體或將圖書館活動納入17個可持續發展目標（Sustainable development through global parterships， SDG）或信息活動的范疇，其最終目標是賦予負責任的行動技能，讓人們具備“知識、技能、價值觀和態度”，成為變革的推動者[9]。圖書館在可持續發展方面有著多方面的承諾，早已為實現更進一步的目標做好了充分準備。如果圖書館將自己的“核心業務”視為提供教育，那就不僅僅是“閱讀的推廣”。因為“教育”的實現方式多種多樣，尤其是綠色圖書館，可以通過適當的可持續發展教育項目，不僅吸引閱讀愛好者，還能吸引非閱讀人群。除了相關信息活動，通過“創客空間”、城市園藝項目、聲援糧食節約運動、修繕咖啡館、種子圖書館、“物品圖書館”等項目，“在行動中學習”也能得以實現。最后，圖書館可以通過與民間社會合作，如可持續發展目標17“促進目標實現的伙伴關系”中提及的，甚至將其作為實現目標的前提條件。

談到德國圖書館的實踐，德國圖書館協會（Deutscher Bibliotheksverband， dbv）明確表示，作為信息、知識和可持續行動機構，圖書館對所有SDG17[10]都作出了重要貢獻。協會以“圖書館與可持續發展”為主題，組織了七場單場時長90分鐘的在線研討會[11]，展示了圖書館的承諾和實踐。他們分享了各自的圖書館是如何具體實施可持續發展主題并向公民傳達這一理念的，同時探討了在圖書館可持續發展問題上文化政策應扮演怎樣的角色。

2023年1月，德國聯邦教育與研究部（Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung， BMBF）啟動了一項新的活動，旨在更清晰地呈現可持續發展和利益相關者的相關性。薩克森州萊比錫公共圖書館（Leipziger St?dtische Bibliothken）[12]作為利益相關者作了精彩的展示。該圖書館館長明確表示，圖書館是進行可持續發展教育的理想場所，可持續發展教育不應被視為圖書館的“附加項目”，而應融入圖書館的所有領域和活動中，成為一種態度和追求。從她的角度來看，建立關系網絡是這一背景下最重要的問題。圖書館應成為人們構建關系網絡的平臺。例如，圖書館可以提供創新和創意活動的場所，供市民、協會和倡議者組織設計自己的項目，嘗試、分享想法，甚至為自己的項目尋找合作伙伴。

潘雅茵：您認為圖書館在可持續發展方面面臨的最大挑戰是什么？我們應該如何應對？是否有必要推動可持續發展的國際合作？在這方面我們能做些什么？

豪克：目前，所有的圖書館都正處于根本性的變革過程中，而可持續性則是這些變革的核心。數字化的知識和信息社會是產生這些變革的主要因素。越來越多的人不再通過書籍，而是通過互聯網來滿足其信息需求。挑戰在于，獲取新聞和信息的途徑多種多樣，然而，許多人缺乏對新聞和信息的辨別力，容易成為虛假信息的受害者。在某些國家，甚至政府都在傳播虛假新聞，這不僅在這些國家內部，甚至在全球范圍內都造成了對信任的系統性破壞，引發和煽動了沖突，這是圖書館面臨的最大挑戰。圖書館需要積極、明確地與虛假信息進行斗爭，同時將自己定位為社區中可持續的、值得信賴的機構。

然而以上并非全部。為了實現可持續性，有必要對圖書館進行全面的變革。公共圖書館對這種變化的感受尤為強烈。例如，圖書借閱量（電子書除外）正在緩慢但持續下降。圖書館的訪問和使用方式也在不斷發生變化。它們正在從安靜和被動的場所轉變為充滿活力的公民社會和社區空間。它們關注對逗留在這一空間中人群的服務質量，致力于成為值得信賴的“第三空間”或“城市客廳”。另一方面，要讓圖書館建筑和數字基礎設施能長期應對（不僅是一次性投資）氣候變化以及迅速而持續的技術發展，將是一項重大挑戰。因此，長期規劃（而不隨時作出調整）幾乎是不可能的。同時，需要對所有傳統的圖書館工作流程進行審查，以確保其可持續性，并在必要時進行調整，以適應全面的可持續發展戰略，這必將導致圖書館運行、員工和用戶方面的重大變革。

毫無疑問，推動可持續發展的國際合作是絕對必要的。SDG17明確提出：“加強執行手段，重振可持續發展全球伙伴關系?！痹谶@方面我們能做些什么？我認為，國際圖聯可以發揮作用。國際圖聯代表著“全球圖書館和信息專業人員的聲音”，它是一個開放的組織，歡迎所有圖書館、圖書與信息專業人員以及與教育和研究相關機構的加入，包括那些愿意支持國際圖聯宗旨和使命的個人、學生、較小的協會和其他機構[13]。國際圖聯擁有非?；钴S、多元化的地區和專業委員會，擁有來自世界各地的數百名志愿者，它每年舉辦的世界圖書館和信息大會，是一個可以提出自己的想法，并且與全球圖書館人學習和交流的重要平臺。

以下為訪談的英文原文：

Education for Sustainable Development -Libraries Business

Pun：Can you talk about your understanding about the connotation of sustainable development of libraries？ How do you think the understanding of the concept of sustainable libraries has evolved？ What impact does the external environment， such as technology， have on libraries and sustainable development？

Hauke：Following the Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science （ODLIS）， the term “green libraries” is synonymous with “sustainable library”. The sustainable library is defined as “designed to minimize negative impact on the natural environment and maximize indoor environmental quality by means of careful site selection， use of natural construction materials and biodegradable products， conservation of resources （water， energy， paper）， and responsible waste disposal （recycling， etc.）”. But the terms “green library” or “sustainable library” must not be limited to buildings. Green and sustainable libraries also focus on services， activities， events， literature and projects related to any kind of sustainability that follows the United Nations Agenda 2030， demonstrating the social role and responsibility of libraries as leaders in Education for Sustainable Development （ESD）.

This broader view led to the other definition of “What is a Green Library？”， inspired by the United Nations Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals.The definition was published by ENSULIB as one of its first outcomes when established as an IFLA Section in 2022. It is meanwhile adopted by many countries worldwide and translated into 32 languages：

“A green and sustainable library is a library which takes into account environmental， economic and social sustainability. Green and sustainable libraries may be of any size， but they should have a clear sustainability agenda which includes：

● Green buildings and equipment： The emissions， or carbon footprint， of the building and equipment are actively decreased.

● Green office principles： Operational routines and processes are environmentally sustainable.

● Sustainable economy： Consumption is restrained， circular and sharing economy practices are advanced and are made accessible to the community.

● Sustainable library services： Relevant and up-to-date information is easy to access for users， shared spaces， devices， and environmental education is offered， and operations are efficient. The library has a positive carbon handprint.

● Social sustainability： Good education， literacy， community engagement， cross cultural diversity， social inclusion， and overall participation are considered. The library works actively to reduce inequality.

● Environmental management： Environmental goals are SMART （Specific， Measurable， Achievable， Realistic and Timebound）， and the library works to decrease its own negative impact on environment. The librarys environmental policy， its implementation and the results of environmental work are communicated to a broader audience.

● Commitment to general environmental goals and programmes： Commitment is guided by the UN Sustainable Development Goals， the Paris Climate Agreement and related environmental certificates and programmes.”

Libraries have always been quick to take advantage of technical developments. The provision of digital media， or even a “digital first” strategy can be seen as profoundly democratic. It enables libraries to reach users who do not have physical access to a library via the Internet – and thus achieve the reduction of social or gender inequalities in line with the 2030 Agenda – to name but a few.

Pun：You are one of the founders of the ENSULIB professional committee. The IFLA Green Library Award is an important project of the Committee. Can you talk about this award from your perspective？

Hauke：The IFLA Green Library Award was established in 2015 by ENSULIB， IFLAs Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Special Interest Group （SIG）. Beside other projects it might have been this successful one that led finally to the more established status of an IFLA Section from 2021 on. From the very beginning the award was generously sponsored by the German publishing house de Gruyter Saur.

Objectives of the IFLA Green Library Award are：

● To reward the best Green Library submission that communicates the librarys commitment to environmental sustainability，

● To create awareness of libraries social responsibility and leadership in environmental education. Libraries of all types are encouraged to participate，

● To support the worldwide Green Library movement， concerned with

● environmentally sustainable buildings，

● environmentally sustainable information resources and programming，

● conservation of resources and energy，

● To promote the development of Green Libraries initiatives locally and worldwide，

● To encourage Green Libraries to actively present their activities to an international audience

Following the IFLA Key Initiative 1.1， Show the power of libraries in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals， the award will help in advancing the profession through illuminating the role of libraries and librarians in the advancement of sustainability standards and the promotion of specialized knowledge within professional practice.

The prize is awarded in two categories：

● Category 1： Best Green Library / Grand Scale Project

● Category 2： Best Green Library Project

● A special recognition may be given to a project that was carried out with minimal resources but has a big impact.

The IFLA Green Library Award was advertised annually from 2016 on. Every year ENSULIB received up to 50 applications coming from all around the world. The winners are selected by the ENSULIB reviewing committee of LIS professionals from public libraries and from academic libraries， of LIS students， and an architect from different countries and continents. Beside the winners with the best submissions the ENSULIB reviewing committee chooses up to five short listed libraries for their outstanding projects.

The IFLA Green Library Award gives libraries the opportunity to present their sustainable projects in the spirit of Agenda 2030 to a worldwide public. On the one hand， they inspire other libraries to follow their example， on the other hand， they make clear the important contribution of libraries to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Past award winners and runner-ups， also from China， are published on the IFLA Green Library Award website.

Pun：How do you see the role of libraries as educators for sustainable development？ What can libraries do in this regard？ Can you talk about this issue in combination with the practice of German libraries？

Hauke：In educational policy papers on education for sustainable development， libraries are not explicitly seen in their already active role here. However， many examples show that they have already been active in education for sustainable development for a long time. They can reach many people as community-based educational institutions that are accessible to all.

Libraries that position themselves as “Green Libraries” in particular have the declared aspiration not only to minimise their own negative ecological “footprint”， but also to act as “exemplars， educators， enablers” with their commitment to society. Ultimately， they use Education for Sustainable Development as the guideline for their library work.

The UNESCOs Education for Sustainable Development 2030 programme goes beyond the provision of relevant media or the inclusion of library activities in the 17 SDGs or information events. The ultimate goal is to teach responsible action skills， “… empowering [people] with the knowledge， skills， values and attitudes needed to act as agents of change.” With their already existing multifaceted commitment to sustainable development， libraries are already well positioned for this further step. If libraries see their “core business” in the provision of education， then that goes beyond the “promotion of reading”. Since “education” can be achieved in many ways， Green Libraries in particular see their task in reaching not only book-loving people but also non-book-loving target groups with appropriate educational programmes for sustainable development. In addition to relevant information events， “learning by doing” is achieved here， for example， through Makerspaces， urban gardening projects， the support of food-saver campaigns， the offer of a repair café， a seed library， a “library of things”， and finally through cooperation with civil society initiatives， such as SDG 17， “Partnerships for the Achievement of the Goals”， even as a prerequisite for the achievement of the Goals.

To speak about the practice of German libraries： The German Library Association （Deutscher Bibliotheksverband， dbv） stated clearly， that libraries， as institutions of information， knowledge and sustainable action， make an important contribution to all 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Seven 90-min online seminars “Libraries and Sustainability” should demonstrate， what exactly does the commitment of libraries look like， how can they concretely implement the topic of sustainability in their own library as well as communicate it to the citizens， and what role should cultural policy play when it comes to sustainability in libraries.

In January 2023， the Federal Ministry of Education and Research （Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung， BMBF） launched a new campaign to make education for sustainable development and its stakeholders even more visible. One of the prominently presented stakeholders are the public libraries in Leipzig， Saxonia （Leipziger St?dtische Bibliothken）. Their library director stated clearly， that libraries are perfect places for education for sustainable development. The library followed successfully a concept that ESD should not be seen as an “additional project” alongside the other tasks， but should be integrated as an attitude and aspiration in all areas and activities. From her point of view networking is the most important issue in this context. Therefor the library wants to be a platform for others to network. For example， the library can provide rooms for innovative and creative offers. There， citizens， associations and initiatives can design their own formats， try out， share ideas or even find partners for their own projects.

Pun：What do you think is the biggest challenge that libraries face in terms of sustainable development？ How should we respond？ Is it necessary to promote international cooperation for sustainable development？ What can we do in this regard？

Hauke：All libraries are currently undergoing fundamental change processes and sustainability is a central part of these changes. Fundamental to the pressure for change currently weighing on libraries is the digital knowledge and information society. More and more people no longer meet their increasing need for information with the help of books， but search and find them on the Internet. The challenge is that there are many alternatives for getting news and any kind of information. There is also a populace who is often not discerning when it comes to reading the news and who easily falls prey to disinformation campaigns. In times， when in certain countries even governments spread fake news not only within their own countries but worldwide to systematically destroy trust and initiate and fuel conflicts it is one of the biggest challenges for libraries to fight actively and visible against misinformation and to position themselves as sustainable， trusted institutions in their communities.

But there is even more： To achieve sustainability it is necessary to explode the whole concept of what a library is. Public libraries in particular are feeling this change very strongly. For example， lending of books （except e-books） is declining slowly but steadily. At the same time， however， they are increasingly visited and used differently. They are changing from their image as a place of silence and passivity to living places of civil society and community. They focus on quality of stay and offer themselves to people as trusted ‘third places or as ‘living rooms of urban society.

On the other hand adapting library buildings， as well as digital infrastructures， not only through one-off investments to the requirements of climate change， but also to the rapid and permanent technological progress， will be a major challenge. Long-term planning is therefore hardly possible. At the same time， all traditional library routines should be reviewed for their sustainability and， if necessary， adapted to a comprehensive sustainability strategy. A comprehensive sustainability strategy will and must lead to profound transformation processes involving library operations， staff and users.

And definitely “YES” – It is without doubt necessary to promote international cooperation for sustainable development. Therefor SDG 17 as the last and most important SDG says clearly： “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development”. What can we do in this regard？ IFLA， the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions， the “The global voice of the library and information profession”， is open for all associations of libraries， library and information professionals， and associations in related professions including education and research， also affiliates like individuals， students， smaller associations， and other institutional bodies who wish to join IFLA to mark their support of IFLAs aims and mission. IFLA， with its very active diverse regional and professional committees with hundreds of volunteers from all over the world and with the annual World Library and Information Congress is the appropriate body to engage with own ideas but also to learn from and exchange with the worldwide library community.