關系代詞引導的定語從句

王　巖

定語從句在句中作定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞或代詞即為先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。關系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which等。

關系代詞引導的定語從句

關系代詞所代替的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

1.who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。作賓語時可省略。如：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想見你的人嗎？(who/that在從句中作主語)

He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天見到的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語，可省略)

2.whose用來指人或物，只用作定語，意為“……的”。定語從句中 whose+名詞=the+名詞+of whom/which=of whom/which+the+名詞。如：

The boy, whose brother is a teacher, is sitting over there.

=The boy, the brother of whom is a teacher, is sitting over there.

那個男孩坐在那邊，他哥哥是個教師。

We live in the room, whose window is broken.

=We live in the room, the window of which is broken.

我們住在窗戶破了的那間房里。

They rushed over to help the man, whose car had broken down.

=They rushed over to help the man, the car of whom had broken down. 那人的車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。

3.which, that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語。作賓語時可省略。如：

And there she saw a wall of water which/that was quickly advancing towards her. 在那里，她看到一堵墻似的洪水迅速地朝她涌來。(which/that在句中作主語)

The story that/which you read is Rescue.

你讀的這個故事是《拯救》。(which/that在句中作賓語，可省略)

The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語，可省略)

4.只能用that作定語從句的關系代詞的情況

(1))在不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that,不用which。

There is still much that can be done about it.

關于這件事情還有許多要做。

Have you got anything that belongs to me? 你有沒有拿過我的東西？

(2)先行詞有the only， the very修飾時，只用that。

The only thing that could be done is to find our way home.

唯一能做的事情就是找到回家的路。

Thats the only watch that I like. 這是我唯一喜歡的表。

(3)先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

The first step that we are to take is very difficult.

我們要做的第一步是很難的。

This is the best place that Ive ever visited.

這是我曾參觀過的最好的地方。

(4)先行詞既有人，又有物時。

He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.

他談到了吸引他的人和書。

They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.

他們談到了他們熟悉的老師和學校。

(5)在以which, who開頭的句子中常用that。

Who that has seen him does not like him?

見過他的人誰會不喜歡他呢？

Which is the car that killed the man?

撞死那個男子的車是哪一輛？