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預防慢性疾病發生、發展的最佳身體活動負荷研究綜述

2012-09-20 02:55于洪軍
中國體育科技 2012年4期
關鍵詞:死亡率負荷體育鍛煉

于洪軍,劉 路

預防慢性疾病發生、發展的最佳身體活動負荷研究綜述

于洪軍1,劉 路2

從身體活動對慢性疾病預防和控制功效的視角,從身體活動對不同年齡群體的生理退化速率、死亡率、疾病發生率、心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌癥、骨質疏松癥、心理健康的影響等方面對國外相關研究進行梳理,對國外身體活動負荷標準的研究進行歸納,重點分類歸納了預防慢性疾病發生的成年人(18~65歲)、老年人(65歲以上)和已患慢性疾病群體控制疾病發展的不同群體間身體活動的適宜負荷方式和劑量,對身體活動與慢性疾病的研究做出了展望。

身體活動;體育鍛煉;鍛煉負荷;慢性疾病防治;研究綜述

隨著科學技術的發展,人們的生活方式發生急劇的改變,尤其是工業革命之后,人類的生產和生活越來越依賴于機械,其身體活動的時間和活動強度明顯減少,人們患肥胖病和慢性疾病的機率逐漸增加。缺乏身體活動已經成為現代人疾病發生的主要原因。世界衛生組織(WHO)報道[134],在發達國家,由于缺乏身體活動引發疾病的死亡率占男性死亡率的6.0%,女性的6.7%。在發展中國家,其死亡率更高,為10%以上。在具體數字上,世界衛生組織報道,長期缺乏身體活動是引發全球死亡的第四大因素,導致全世界每年約320萬人死亡。

國外大量的研究報道,有規律的身體活動,不僅能夠有效地減少心血管疾病、中風、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨質疏松、肥胖病、結腸癌、乳腺癌、認知障礙、焦慮、抑郁癥等疾病的發病率,而且對于改善慢性疾病的癥狀,降低死亡率有著積極的作用。為此,本文在整理國外相關研究的基礎上,從身體活動對疾病防治的角度,對身體活動防治疾病的功效、身體活動的負荷標準等問題進行文獻綜述。

1 關于身體活動概念界定的研究

1985年,Caspersen等人指出,身體活動(Physical Activity)和體育鍛煉(Exercise)是不同的概念,身體活動是由骨骼肌收縮導致能量代謝的任何機體活動(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure);體育鍛煉(Exercise)則是身體活動的下位概念,是指有計劃、有結構、重復性的身體活動,目的是為了提高或者保持一種或幾種身體能力[16](Exercise:it is a subcategory of physical activity.Exercise is physical activity that is planned,structured,repetitive,and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is an objective);1996年,美國衛生部對身體活動做出了定義(Physical Activity)[103]:認為是由骨骼肌收縮產生的能量消耗并提高健康受益的身體運動(bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that require energy expenditure and promotes health benefits)。體育鍛煉(Exercise training)作為身體活動的下位概念,是指有計劃,有組織的,重復性的身體活動,目的是提高或保持一種或幾種身體能力。世界衛生組織(WHO,1998)在美國衛生部定義的基礎上,對身體活動做出的定義是,由骨骼肌的收縮要求能量消耗所產生的機體運動(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure)。2009年,美國運動醫學學會(ACSM)基本沿用了1996年美國衛生部的定義[19],認為身體活動是由骨骼肌的收縮引發的能量代謝增加的運動(physical activity refers to body movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles and that increases energy expenditure);同時界定體育鍛煉是為了保持一種或幾種生理能力而進行的有計劃、有組織、重復性的身體活動 (Exercise refers to planned,structured,and repetitive movement to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness)。

作者單位:1.清華大學 體育部,北京100084;2.鹽城師范學院 體育學院,江蘇 鹽城224002
1.Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084;2.Yancheng Teachers’University;Yancheng 224002,China.

綜上所述,可以將身體活動理解為是由骨骼肌收縮產生能量代謝的機體運動。同時還可以將它理解為是體育鍛煉的上位概念,統轄涵蓋了體育鍛煉行為。

2 人體各器官生理退化速率和身體活動關系的研究

人在20歲之后,隨著年齡的增長,人體的各種組織和器官逐漸退化,這種退化通常是在一種人體不能夠察覺的生理變化中發生,直至老年的到來,最終會導致老年人的生活獨立性受到影響(圖1)。在人體各種組織和器官逐漸退化方面,有縱向研究結果顯示[56],年齡與最大攝氧量(O2max)和骨骼肌相關的退化最為明顯。Chodzko-Zajko等人報道[19],人體的骨骼肌能力在40歲之后開始逐步自然下降,65~70歲左右時呈加速式下降,且下肢的下降速率要快于上肢。此外,身體成分的下降是導致老年人健康狀況退化的又一重要原因。有研究報道[19],人體的身高在40~50歲后以每10年身高減少1cm的速度下降,60歲以后身高下降更為迅速。在骨密度上,人體骨骼成熟是在20歲左右,之后每年骨密度將下降0.5%,40歲之后,骨密度的下降更為迅速,尤其是女性,絕經期后的女性骨密度每年下降達2%~3%。

圖1 普通人20歲后各器官生理指標下降速率曲線圖Figure 1 The Decrease Rate of Biological Organ for an Adult after 20Years Old

然而,有規律的身體活動和體育鍛煉能夠有效地延緩或介入人體生理的退化過程。系統的體育鍛煉能夠提高老年人的生理能力和延緩這一生理老化過程。骨骼肌對于老年人的獨立生活能力至關重要,而通過鍛煉能夠有效提高老年人的骨骼肌的質量和能力[129],圖2所示的是老年人骨骼肌生理機能隨年齡正常退化和體育鍛煉關系的理論模型。

在身體活動方面,相對年輕人而言,老年人更趨于缺乏足夠的身體活動[106,133]。即使對于積極鍛煉的老年人來講,其體育鍛煉的形式和內容也趨于低強度的運動如步行、逛公園等等[98]。在年齡相關的慢性疾病上,心血管疾病、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、肥胖病和癌癥會隨著年齡的增長,發病機率迅速上升[57,107,109]。同時,骨質疏松疾病、關節炎、肌肉衰減綜合征[84,94,107]等疾病會伴隨著老年人肌肉的衰減而發生。

圖2 骨骼肌生理機能隨年齡正常退化與體育鍛煉關系理論模型曲線圖Figure 2 Theoretical Relation between Musculoskeletal Fitness and Independent Living across a Person’s lifespan

3 身體活動對死亡率和慢性疾病預防的影響研究

大量研究報道,增加身體活動的功效不僅能降低人的死亡率和疾病發生率,而且能夠有效地預防包括心血管疾病、中風、高血壓、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨質疏松、肥胖病、結腸癌、乳腺癌、認知障礙、焦慮、抑郁癥等疾病。同時,有規律的身體活動對于心血管疾?。?8,36,121]、高血壓[18,97,120]、Ⅱ型 糖尿?。?08]、肥胖?。?2]、高膽固醇[120]、骨質疏松[22,32]、骨關節炎[2]、跛行[116]、慢性肺病障礙[95]以及壓力和焦慮[14,24]、健忘癥[23]、痛苦[3]、充血性心力衰竭[100]、暈厥[12]、中風[33]、背痛[37]和便秘[65]等疾病的控制有著積極的作用。

3.1 身體活動對死亡率的影響研究

在身體活動對死亡率的影響上,大量研究結果證實,身體活動較多者患心血管疾病的死亡率低于不活動者2~4倍,增加身體活動水平能夠減少死亡率20%~35%[66,67]。來自最近的研究報道,積極的體育鍛煉能夠減少由心血管疾病引發的死亡率50%以上[81],而且,每周通過身體活動和體育鍛煉增加1 000kcal(4 200kJ)的能量消耗或者增加1MET(Metabolic Equivalent of Energy指能量代謝當量,音譯為梅脫)能夠減少20%的死亡率。通過每周低于1h體育鍛煉的中年婦女群體和積極鍛煉的中年婦女群體對比發現,前者將會增加52%的死亡危險,后者會減少2倍的心血管疾病引發的危險,降低29%癌癥相關疾病的發病率[47];另一個來自19 019個男性樣本跨越40年追蹤的最新研究認為,高負荷的身體活動能夠有效降低來自各種疾病的死亡率[5]。Erikssen對2 014名Q1(體育鍛煉最少)~Q4(體育鍛煉最多)的4組人群進行了為期22年(從1972年到1994年)的長期追蹤研究[26],結果表明:身體鍛煉的多少與死亡率有著重要的關聯,身體鍛煉越多者死亡率越低,甚至身體鍛煉負荷量適當的增加都能夠有效地減低死亡率。Blair通過5年體育鍛煉人群的縱向研究認為,積極從事體育活動的人能夠減少死亡率達44%[7]。

3.2 身體活動對慢性疾病發生率的影響研究

3.2.1 身體活動對普通成年群體慢性疾病發生率的影響研究

體育鍛煉能夠和藥物一樣預防和控制疾病也被大量的研究所報道。Warburton等研究認為[128],在理論上,成年人群身體活動和慢性疾病之間存在著線性關系(圖3),即越缺乏身體活動的人,其患慢性疾病的機率就越高。

圖3 體育鍛煉和慢性疾病患病率間線性關系曲線圖Figure 3 Theoretical Relationship between the Risk for Chronic Disease and Physical Activity/Fitness

3.2.2 身體活動對老年人群體疾病發生率的影響研究

與年輕群體相比,身體活動對老年群體疾病發生率的預防效果更為顯著。目前有越來越多的研究得出了身體活動和疾病發生率之間的定量關系。Christensen等人報道了有關老年人身體活動與疾病發生率的縱向研究結果,70歲積極鍛煉的老年人和不鍛煉老年人相比,在75歲時,其喪失活動能力的機率僅為17%[20]。Haveman-Nies等研究報道[39],積極鍛煉的老人和缺乏鍛煉的老人相比,能減少53%喪失勞動能力的可能性。Schroll等[101]研究指出,適當鍛煉的丹麥老年人(每天20min,每周2~3h)患功能障礙率為不鍛煉老年人的1/4。Unger等研究指出[126],對老年群體而言,步行的頻率與老年功能水平下降之間存在重要關聯。Wu等人報道[136],經常鍛煉者的身體功能喪失的發生率僅為不活動者的52%。Boyle等人[11]研究報道,每周多活動1h,其患癱瘓的概率會減少7%,而每天多活動1h的老年人,其概率會減少40%~50%。Leveille等也報道了相似的研究結果[63],其經常鍛煉的老年人死亡率下降53%。stbye等人更是準確地研究了老年體育鍛煉和喪失活動能力發生率之間的線性關系[114],其體育鍛煉和喪失活動能力發生率之間的線性關系是,經常高強度鍛煉者為20%,中等強度者為40%,低強度者為50%概率。Van Deb Brink等報道[13],高身體活動量的老年人功能能力喪失率僅為不活動者的40%,中等活動量者為60%??傊?,對老年群體而言,體育鍛煉和疾病之間存在一種劑量-患病率(Dose-Response)的關系,Paterson[93]對以上的研究進行了總結(圖4)。

圖4 老年身體活動水平與慢性疾病患病率關系曲線圖Figure 4 Prospective cohort studies of the odds ratio of functional limitations in relation to physical activity level for older adults(Paterson,2010)

3.3 身體活動對心血管疾病的預防和控制研究

身體活動對于心血管病人的疾病控制效果已經得到充分證實[127]。傳統的觀念提倡患有心血管疾病的人群應該多休息,少運動,但研究認為,適當有規律的運動會延緩疾病的進一步惡化,并對疾病的治療有著積極的作用。Taylor綜述了48個臨床研究發現[119],對比正常用藥組,采用身體活動治療組的心血管病人的死亡率明顯下降。每周消耗1 600kcal能量能夠有效的延緩疾病的進一步惡化,而每周2 200kcal能量能夠更為有效的控制疾?。?0,38]。45%最大有氧活動能夠有效地提高心血管病人的健康狀態[8]??傊?,有規律的身體活動能夠有效防治心血管疾病的發生,同時也能夠在很大程度上降低死亡率。

3.4 身體活動對糖尿病的預防和控制研究

在身體活動對糖尿病的預防方面,有氧和力量訓練都能夠有效減少Ⅱ型糖尿病的發生[41,42,130,131]。Helmrich等 研究認為[41],每周增加500kcal能量消耗能夠減少6%的Ⅱ型糖尿病的發生率。Manson等通過對21 271名有鍛煉習慣的男性流行病學研究認為,經常從事體育鍛煉的人其Ⅱ型糖尿病的發生率大大下降[68],并認為,中等強度的體育鍛煉能夠有效的控制Ⅱ型糖尿病的進一步惡化。體育鍛煉對于肥胖患者的防治糖尿病效果更佳[125,135]。Williamson綜述了大量的實驗研究后指出[135],通過適當的飲食控制和體育鍛煉能夠有效降低糖尿病40%~60%發病機率。Knowle的研究報道[55],每周累計150min中強度的體育鍛煉是非常有效的介入糖尿病治療的方式??傊?,大量的實驗研究已經證實:身體活動能夠有效地預防糖尿病的發生。

在身體活動對Ⅱ型糖尿病控制的效果方面,大量的研究認為身體活動是控制糖尿病的有效方式[108]。Gregg等研究認為[34],每周進行2h的步行鍛煉能夠減少39%~54%的由糖尿病引發的總體死亡率,能夠減少34-53%由心血管疾病并發糖尿病死亡率。Wei研究報道[132],糖尿病患者中經常參加體育鍛煉者其死亡率水平比不參加鍛煉者低1.7倍。Hsia等人的研究都得出了身體活動能夠有效干預糖尿病進一步惡化的結論[17,25,44-46]。Dunstan等報道[25],有氧鍛煉和力量鍛煉對控制糖尿病都有很好的效果,而力量鍛煉對于控制血糖的效果更佳。Boule等系統的綜述研究報道[10],在14個(11個隨機分配)控制性實驗中,即對受試者一組進行鍛煉介入,一組進行傳統藥物治療,發現身體鍛煉的介入對于治療糖尿病有重要效果。并且,研究報道身體鍛煉組與控制組相比,減少死亡率達42%??傊?,身體活動對于預防和控制糖尿病的作用已經毋庸置疑,然而,其中需要更為深入的研究是,需要對體育鍛煉中的負荷-反應療效做進一步定量分析,以期找出體育鍛煉的劑量-效果之間的定量關系,以更好地指導鍛煉者科學鍛煉。

3.5 身體活動對癌癥的預防和控制研究

在身體活動對于癌癥的預防方面,Shephard等報道了癌癥和體育鍛煉之間的關系[60,107,122],有規律的身體活動(無論是工作需要還是業余鍛煉)都能夠減低癌癥的發病率,特別對女性乳腺癌和直腸癌兩種腫瘤疾病作用最為顯著。Lee綜述報道[60],中強度的身體活動(≈4.5METs)與低強度(>3METs)的身體活動相比,中強度的鍛煉效果更好;從事積極身體活動和經常鍛煉的群體,其直腸癌的患病率能夠減少30%~40%,乳腺癌的患病率能夠減少20%~30%??傊?,有規律的身體活動能夠有效減少癌癥的發病率,尤其是對預防直腸癌和女性乳腺癌[115]等腫瘤疾病更為有效。

在身體活動對于癌癥控制方面,到目前為止,有較少的研究證實身體活動可以減低癌癥患者死亡率。有研究對患乳腺癌和直腸癌腫瘤疾病的患者進行追蹤研究顯示,體育鍛煉能夠大大降低癌癥的再次發生率和死亡率[40,43]。Holmes的研究報道[43],積極鍛煉的癌癥患者其死亡率較不鍛煉者低26%~40%。Jones等認為,對于體育鍛煉治愈癌癥的機制還需要進一步研究[48],然而,許多研究已經證實,有規律的身體活動能夠改善癌癥患者生活質量并提高其健康水平這一點已經毋庸置疑[1,31,76,77,102]。

3.6 身體活動對骨質疏松預防和控制研究

在身體活動對骨質疏松的預防和控制方面,力量練習是提高骨密度的最好鍛煉方式。Warburton綜述[130]報道,力量鍛煉能夠很大程度上提高老年人的骨密度水平。而且從事力量相關項目的運動員,其骨密度水平高于其他非力量型項目的運動員。多年縱向研究報道[6,9,50,51],力量鍛煉對于提高各個年齡階段群體(少兒、青少年、年輕人、成年人、中年人和老年人)的骨健康都具有顯著作用。尤其對于老年人,隨著年齡的增長,骨質會逐漸流失,變得疏松,因而進行力量鍛煉對于延緩老年人的骨質疏松其意義重大。Bakker研究報道[4],力量鍛煉能夠每年減少1%的脊椎和后背的骨質流失。Shaw等研究認為,力量鍛煉對減少老年人的摔倒有很好的預防效果[15,105]。一項來自3 262人21年的縱向追蹤研究認為[49],有規律的身體鍛煉能夠減少髖部骨折的發生率??傊?,有規律的身體活動是減少人體骨密度礦物質流失和延緩骨質疏松的重要手段,特別對絕經后的女性有著更為重要的作用,并且對于老年人而言,身體活動是延緩骨質疏松的一劑良藥。

在身體活動對骨質疏松的改善方面,Liu-Ambrose研究[64]指出,身體活動能夠有效提高老年女性(75~85歲)的骨密度水平。在6個月的實驗期間,將98名女性分成3組(力量組n=32;靈敏性訓練組n=34;牽拉鍛煉組n=32),實驗結果表明,靈敏組提高了骨密度0.5%,力量組提高骨密度達1.4%,而牽拉組的骨密度水平下降。由此Liu-Ambrose認為,力量訓練對改善骨質疏松癥有重要的效果。Kemmler研究報道[52],通過2年對絕經期骨質疏松女性的研究證實,高強度力量訓練課程有效降低了骨質流失??傊?,有規律的體育鍛煉,特別是力量訓練對提高和保持骨健康,改善骨質疏松效果顯著。另外,Pate等人的研究揭示[89],有規律的身體活動能量消耗>2 000Kcal(8400J),能夠提高80歲以上老人壽命1~2年。

越來越多的研究表明,有規律的身體活動或體育鍛煉是一劑良藥。在疾病的預防方面,合理的體育鍛煉劑量(dose-response)對全因死亡率(all-cause mortality)和對以下七種慢性疾?。盒难芗膊。╟ardiovascular disease),中風(stroke),高血壓(hypertension),結腸癌(colon cancer),乳腺癌(breast cancer),Ⅱ型糖尿?。╰ype 2diabetes mellitus)和骨質疏松(osteoporosis)具有明顯的效果??傊?,大量的研究表明,身體活動和以上7種慢性疾病的運動-預防效果得以證實,而且高水平的身體活動能夠大大減少人的死亡率,能夠有效地提高患慢性病群體的生活質量。

3.7 身體活動對心理健康的影響研究

除生理疾病外,目前有越來越多的研究表明,身體活動對老年人的心理健康有著積極的影響[74,112],身體活動已經應用到臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥的治療上。并且,能夠明顯地提高人的自我概念(Self-Concept)和自尊(Self-Esteem)。McAuley和Katula[75]討論了老年人身體活動和自我效能感(Self-efficacy)之間的關系。研究認為,從事身體活動較多的老年人的身體素質和自我效能感都得到了很高的提升。一些研究還認為,中強度的身體活動比低或高強度的身體活動在提高老年人的自我效能感方面更有效[54,74]。還有研究報道,有規律的身體鍛煉能夠有效地降低老年群體的老年癡呆癥機率或認知能力下降。加拿大健康和老齡化方面的學者研究認為,體育鍛煉能夠有效降低老年人的認知損傷和老年癡呆癥的機率[59]。也有研究認為,身體活動能力和認知的下降存在著重要的關系[53]。Oregon Brain Aging研究報道,老年人的走步行速度和認知受傷的發作之間存在相關關系。Tabbarah研究報道了認知能力和日常身體活動之間的關系[117]。實驗心理學的一項研究表明,短時期的有氧身體鍛煉介入能夠有效地提高人的記憶力、注意力和反應時能力[21]。實驗心理學的聯合研究表明,身體鍛煉結合精神治療介入能夠有效提高認知能力[27,85]。在老年人的體育鍛煉和 QOL之間(QOL是指個體意識對自我生活滿意度的指標[96])的關系也有許多研究。Rejeski和 Mihalko綜述指出[99],大量的研究證實,體育鍛煉與提高個體QOL之間存在正相關性,身體活動與提高心理健康和心理調試之間也存在正相關性。最近的綜述指出,力量鍛煉能夠有效地提高以下幾個心理健康和生活相關的指數,這些心理健康和生活相關的指數包括焦慮、抑郁、總體生活感知水平 和 QOL[83,113,118]。一項隨機控制的研究認為,力量鍛煉可以有效地改善年輕人和老年人的抑郁癥狀。臨床研究表明,力量[69,110,111]和有氧鍛煉[35,70,71]能夠有效提高抑郁癥的治 愈率 25-88%。也有研究表明,中強度的力量鍛煉會使老年人焦慮水平下降[124]。然而,低強度的力量鍛煉對健康老年人的效果未見報道。最新一個隨機試驗研究報道認為[123],高強度大負荷的身體活動實驗組和低強度低負荷的對照對于治療抑郁癥有著顯著性的不同結果,該研究認為,高強度大負荷的身體活動和鍛煉能更加有效治療抑郁癥。

大量的研究表明,有規律的身體鍛煉能夠有效的從生理和心理上提高人們的生活質量,其意義已經毋庸置疑。

4 身體活動預防和控制慢性疾病適宜負荷的研究

1995年,Pate等人首次提出了美國體育鍛煉和公共健康政策的國民推薦適應身體負荷[90]。這個負荷劑量后來由美國衛生部簽署推薦給國民指導身體活動和鍛煉使用。美國體育鍛煉和公共健康政策的國民適宜負荷量是,每個人都應該從事每周4~7次(最好是每天),每天活動不少于30min,中等強度的健康鍛煉。1995年,美國疾病控制和防御中心(CDC)和美國運動醫學學會(ACSM)聯合推薦,每一名美國成人都應該在每周中,最好是每天或五天以上從事30min以上中等強度的身體活動,從能量消耗的角度,身體活動的消耗量應大于4200kJ/周(1 000kcal/周),大約是6 300~8 400kJ/周(1 500~2 000kcal/周)。之后,最好能夠達到大約6 300~8 400KJ/周。許多學者和專家認為,每天不少于30min的鍛煉標準適用于各種形式和強度的鍛煉。進入21世紀之后,適合不同群體的最低身體活動和鍛煉的負荷劑量也相繼面世。以下是對預防慢性疾病發生和發展的成年人(18~65歲),老年人(65歲以上)和已患慢性疾病人群的不同群體間適宜負荷劑量推薦研究結果。

4.1 18~65歲正常成人身體活動的適宜負荷

2007年,美國運動醫學學會和美國心臟學會聯合更新了1995年制定關于預防慢性疾病發生的正常成年人(18~65歲)身體活動和公共健康鍛煉適宜負荷(表1)。在這個推薦的身體活動及鍛煉最低負荷劑量中,首先,對中強度體育鍛煉的頻率做了有效區分;第二,增加了高強度體育鍛煉的內容;第三,將中高強度體育鍛煉之間的組合和相互代替做了說明;第四,推薦了有氧活動的總負荷量中需要加入日常性的身體活動內容;第五,進一步強調了超過此最低鍛煉標準之上的身體活動會增加健康受益的可能性;第六,提出了每次鍛煉的有效時間應不低于10min,每天累計不少于30min的負荷標準;第七,對力量鍛煉的次數提出了最低要求。

表1 美國運動醫學(ACSM)和心臟學會(AHA)推薦18~65歲成人群體最低鍛煉負荷標準一覽表Table 1 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Healthy Adults Aged 18~65Year

4.2 65歲以上正常老年人身體活動的適宜負荷

1998年,由Mazzeo等人提出,經美國運動醫學學會推薦給美國國民的有關預防慢性疾病發生和發展的老年人公共健康身體活動和體育鍛煉適宜負荷出臺[72]。2007年,美國運動醫學學會和美國心臟學會聯合公共健康、行為科學、流行病學、運動科學、醫學和老年學方面的專家,再次更新了推薦指導(表2),針對有氧、力量、平衡和柔韌四個方面給出了65歲以上老年人身體活動的具體推薦標準[82]。

多年來,就老年人的身體活動和體育鍛煉負荷標準上,許多學者進行了卓有成效的研究,Paterson[92]從縱向研究中選擇了有影響的學者14個研究的結果(表3)[29,58,61,62,78-80,86-88,91,104],在這一基礎上整理出預防慢性疾病發生的老年人身體活動適宜負荷研究。

4.3 已患慢性疾病群體的身體活動適宜負荷

對患性疾病的群體而言(主要發生在老年群體),不同的疾病應當有針對性地鍛煉和身體活動,其身體活動和鍛煉的類型、負荷強度、量和頻率都應該有所差異。表4是由美國運動醫學學會和美國心臟學會2007年共同推薦的已患慢性疾病群體的鍛煉指導[82],在這個表中,主要是推薦該群體針對力量、耐力、平衡和柔韌能力進行的鍛煉,鍛煉的最低頻率在低強度3~5天/周,每次不低于30min,或高強度3天/周,每次不低于20min的身體活動。

表2 美國運動醫學學會和美國心臟學會推薦老年人體育鍛煉負荷最低標準一覽表Table 2 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults

表3 研究推薦普通老年人身體活動和鍛煉適宜負荷一覽表Table 3 Physical Activity Recommendations for the General Elderly Appropriate Load

表4 美國運動醫學學會和美國心臟學會老年疾病患者鍛煉推薦負荷標準一覽表Table 4 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults in Chronic Diseases

續表4

5 結語

身體活動對疾病健康的功效已經被大量的研究證實,然而,身體活動能否像藥一樣治愈疾病以及它們之間的“劑量-功效”關系還有待于進一步研究。根據機體對不同刺激適應的專門化原理,不同類型、不同強度、不同頻率的身體活動對機體的刺激顯然會產生不同的結果。就鍛煉形式而言,西方流行的有氧活動和力量鍛煉效果已經有了較為充分的研究,但導引養生和太極拳等適宜于老年人活動的東方健身手段對健康和疾病的功效和影響還沒有得到足夠的研究重視。在鍛煉的負荷上,人體對于強度的變化最為敏感,對不同的人群采用何種強度鍛煉最佳,這些基本問題還沒有得到科學回答。期待著有更多的后續研究就這些基本問題做出更深層面的認識和更加科學的回答。

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Review on Appropriate Dose-response of Physical Activity for Health Benefits and Chronic Diseases Prevention

YU Hong-jun1,LIU Lu2

From the perspective of physical activity for chronic disease prevention and control efficacy,this paper reviewed and analyzed the history of physical activity,the relationship between physical activity and human physiological degenerative rates,all-cause mortality,disease rate,cardiovascular disease,Type II diabetes,cancer,osteoporosis and psychological diseases,and discussed the recommendation for training load of physical activity for healthy adult(age at 18~65years),healthy older adult(above 65years old)and patients.

physical activity;sports exercise;training load;chronic diseases prevention

G806

A

1002-9826(2012)04-0113-11

2011-10-25;

2012-06-18

教育部學術博士研究生學術新人獎基金資助。

于洪軍(1982-),男,河北人,講師,博士,主要研究方向為老年身體活動與健康,Tel:(010)51533709,E-mail:yuhj05@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn;劉路(1984-),男,江蘇鹽城人,助教,碩士,主要研究方向為體質與健康,Tel:(0515)88233198,E-mail:lew2016@163.com。

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