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發熱伴血小板減少綜合征的診療進展

2020-04-03 13:33陳巧李玲彭程
中國醫藥導報 2020年4期
關鍵詞:治療診斷臨床

陳巧 李玲 彭程

[摘要] 發熱伴血小板減少綜合征(SFTS)是由一種布尼亞病毒科白蛉病毒屬的病毒(又稱SFTS病毒)引起的傳染性疾病。該病在中國、韓國、日本等地均有報道。但是,目前尚沒有針對該病比較可信的臨床治療方法,因此早期確診對于阻止病毒傳播以及提高患者存活率尤為重要。本文主要對該病的診斷以及防治研究進展進行概述,為后續研究提供參考。

[關鍵詞] 發熱伴血小板減少綜合征;臨床;診斷;治療

[中圖分類號] R510? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0044-04

[Abstract] Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a infectious disease caused by the Phlebovirus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family (also known as SFTS virus). The disease has been reported in China, South Korea and Japan. However there is no credible clinical treatment for this disease. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease is particularly important to prevent viral transmission and improve patient survival. This article mainly summarizes the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease, and provides reference for subsequent research.

[Key words] Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; Clinical; Diagnose; Treatment

發熱伴血小板減少綜合征(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome,SFTS)是發現于中國[1-2]、韓國[3]、日本[4-5]的傳染病,最近越南亦有報道[6]。該病主要由布尼亞病毒科的一種新型靜脈病毒引起。2016年,國際病毒分類委員會第10號報告將此病毒正式命名為SFTS病毒(SFTSV),屬于布尼亞病毒科白蛉病毒屬。在疾病流行區域,SFTSV主要感染老年人群,且死亡年齡多為50歲以上[7]。本文將有關SFTS的診斷與治療進展作一簡要概述

1 流行病學

長角血蜱最初被認為是病原傳播的主要載體,后來發現其他蜱蟲也可傳播病毒[8]。另外,接觸感染者的血液也可導致人與人之間的傳播[9]。2009年,該病毒在中國中部被發現之后,在日本和韓國也有出現相關報道。Fu等[10]在疾病流行地區進行血清學調查研究,結果顯示約有4.3%的人群感染SFTSV。2011~2016年,中國每年有1000~2500例感染SFTSV,病死率約為5.3%,且該病在中國的爆發高峰期是每年5~7月,丘陵樹木繁茂的環境爆發率最高[8]。自2013年以來,韓國報道其確診的病例數<100例/年,但致死率高達32.6%,爆發高峰期為每年7~10月[11]。在日本,2012年確診11例,其中6例死亡;2015年確診161例,其爆發高峰期為每年4~8月[8]。

2 臨床特征和診斷

2.1 SFTS臨床特征

SFTS主要臨床表現為迅速發生高熱,胃腸道癥狀和出血傾向[4-5]。若患者伴有出血癥狀或意識惡化則表現為預后不良,大多數患者血小板減少、白細胞減少[12]。SFTSV感染的潛伏期為7~14 d,包括3個臨床階段:發燒、多器官功能障礙(MOD)和恢復期[5]。臨床上主要以高燒(>38℃)和血小板減少(<1×106/mL)作為SFTS的標志,同時伴隨其他常見癥狀如腹痛、腹瀉、嘔吐等[12]。

該病從感染到疾病發作的潛伏期通常為7~14 d,平均9 d[13]。SFTS病理特征[14-15]包括:①嚴重SFTS患者患有嗜血細胞綜合征(HLH);②淋巴結可檢測到SFTSV抗原;③SFTSV抗原有兩種分布模式,一種是在大部分的組織器官中存在,另一種是在部分組織器官中存在;④中樞神經系統(CNS)病理損傷的患者可檢測到SFTSV抗原;⑤患者的下呼吸道和肺部有時可檢測到真菌感染。

2.2 SFTS診斷

實驗室常用疾病標志物進行檢測,包括血小板、淋巴細胞計數降低,相關酶水平升高,如乳酸脫氫酶、丙氨酸氨基轉移酶、肌酸激酶[16]。由于SFTS的臨床表現無特異性,難與其他疾?。ㄈ缛肆<毎麩o形體病、流行性出血熱、鉤端螺旋體病等)鑒別[17]。因此,實驗室病原學檢測對疾病的確診非常必要。研究發現[18],可使用犬巨噬細胞(DH82)、非洲綠猴腎細胞(Vero)以及Vero E6細胞進行SFTSV分離培養。目前病毒分離培養也是疾病確診最直接的方法,但該方法耗時較長且技術水平要求較高,難以推廣。

實驗室更多使用分子生物學方法進行病原學檢測,如逆轉錄-聚合酶鏈反應(RT-PCR)和反轉錄環介導等溫擴增技術(RT-LAMP),該方法具有較高的靈敏度和特異度[19-20]?;颊甙l病1周后,SFTSV特異性抗體水平開始升高,特異性IgG抗體于發病后6個月達到最高峰,5年內可持續檢測到抗體水平;特異性IgM抗體則于發病后4周達到最高峰,持續時間約1年[21]。因此,使用雙抗原夾心酶聯免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法和間接ELISA法可檢測人血清中的SFTSV,以及針對SFTSV結構蛋白(NP)的IgG和IgM抗體[21]。

在中國,實驗室確診SFTS需滿足以下一個或多個標準[23-24]:①血清/血液中的病毒核酸檢測;②病毒特異性IgM抗體陽性;③恢復期較急性期病毒特異性IgG抗體滴度增加4倍;④患者樣本能分離出SFTSV。在日本,則需要發燒>38℃,出現胃腸道癥狀(如惡心、嘔吐、腹痛、腹瀉、黑便),白細胞減少(<4×109/L),血小板減少(<100×109/L),天門冬氨酸轉氨酶、丙氨酸轉氨酶和乳酸脫氫酶水平升高等才能確診[25]。實際診斷過程中,疾病確診需結合臨床表現以及實驗室診斷。

3 治療

3.1 利巴韋林

Shimojima等[26]對接種SFTSV之前和之后3 d使用抗病毒藥利巴韋林進行干預的體外試驗研究顯示,SFTSV接種之前使用該藥物干預可顯著抑制病毒復制,但接種SFTSV之后其抑制效果顯著下降。但利巴韋林與干擾素聯用顯著抑制SFTSV的復制[27]。故抗病毒藥在體外對SFTSV的復制有抑制作用,但需要選擇合適的干預時間或與其他藥物聯合使用。目前對于利巴韋林治療SFTS患者尚無令人信服的治療結果[28],再加上利巴韋林導致溶血及血淀粉酶增高等不良反應,其臨床應用尚有爭議[28]。動物實驗結果顯示[26-27,29-31],抗病毒藥利巴韋林、法匹拉韋、抗瘧藥阿莫地喹、含有中和抗體的血清對SFTSV復制具有抑制作用。

3.2 法匹拉韋

法匹拉韋是一種批準在日本臨床使用的口服藥物,最早由日本制藥公司富山化學株式會社開發[32]。法匹拉韋屬于吡嗪衍生物,對各種RNA病毒具有廣泛的抗病毒活性。Tani等[29]發現腹腔注射法匹拉韋60 mg/(kg·d)或300 mg/(kg·d),可完全保護小鼠免受致死性感染,且口服同等劑量的藥物可達到同樣效果。另外,300 mg/(kg·d)法匹拉韋治療SFTSV小鼠,可使其病毒血癥消失[33]。Gowen等[34]實驗結果也與之相似。目前有關此藥物的研究處于實驗階段,尚無該藥應用于人體的報道。

3.3 支持治療

由于目前尚無特異性的抗病毒療法,SFTS的治療主要以支持治療為主。常見的支持治療包括補液、維持電解質平衡、輸入新鮮冰凍的血漿和血小板。韓國科學家最近報道[35-37],SFTS患者在服用或不服用利巴韋林的情況下成功接受了血漿置換(PE)治療。此外,Oh等[38]研究結果顯示,早期PE組患者的死亡率與非PE組無差異,但早期PE組患者存活時間長于非PE組。因此,PE在SFTS患者治療中的功效還需進一步研究。

4 SFTSV預防

有關SFTSV疫苗的研究有兩次報道。①Liu等[39]使用C57BL/6小鼠皮下注射重組SFTSV非結構(NS)蛋白,進行小鼠攻毒實驗,并未發現其對病毒復制有抑制作用;②Jung等[40]將編碼SFTSV NP和NS質粒利用納米技術合成DNA疫苗給予BALB/c小鼠,與NP質粒比較,轉染NS質粒后,CD8+/CD4+細胞中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)的釋放存在顯著差異,提示,NS質粒刺激γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)分泌的細胞含量更高。故目前尚無針對SFTSV的有效疫苗,其預防措施主要依靠切斷傳播途徑,如防止蜱蟲叮咬,避免接觸SFTS患者的血液、分泌物或排泄物,加強健康教育。

5 小結

SFTSV具有廣泛的動物宿主和引起人類嚴重感染的能力,已對公眾健康構成嚴重威脅。該病臨床表現無特異性,且目前并沒有經許可的疫苗或針對性治療藥物。雖然有抗病毒藥利巴韋林治療SFTSV的描述性報道,但并無令人信服的治療效果。因此,對該病毒的連續監測和分子檢測對于SFTSV感染的早期確診非常重要。由于SFTSV出現的時間并不是很久,其病毒進化、系統發育、遺傳變異機制還沒有進行深入研究,故沒有發現動物模型可以觀察到人類的所有臨床癥狀。因此,應加強SFTS的基礎研究,同時尋找疾病發病過程的有效動物模型,為疫苗和新藥的開發提供基礎。

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(收稿日期:2019-09-03? 本文編輯:劉明玉)

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