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Rad51C在DNA損傷修復中的研究進展*

2016-11-14 03:29丁新敏陳秀麗綜述王平審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2016年18期
關鍵詞:同源復合物基因組

丁新敏陳秀麗綜述 王平審校

·綜述·

Rad51C在DNA損傷修復中的研究進展*

丁新敏①陳秀麗②綜述 王平②審校

細胞毒性物質及電離輻射等易致細胞DNA損傷,真核生物中DNA雙鏈斷裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)修復的主要通路是同源重組(homologous recombination,HR)。Rad51C蛋白作為HR通路的關鍵因子,其表達異??芍翫NA損傷修復的失調,引起基因組的不穩定,最終導致腫瘤的發生發展。近年來隨著對Rad51C基因的研究,發現Rad51C可能會成為惡性腫瘤治療的潛在靶點。本文就Rad51C在DNA損傷修復及放療中作用的研究進展進行綜述。

腫瘤 基因 DNA損傷 重組/同源重組 Rad51C

DNA雙鏈斷裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)是DNA損傷的主要形式,主要包括同源重組修復(homologous recombination,HR)和非同源末端鏈接(nonhomologous end joining,NHEJ)兩種修復方式,兩者可相互協調共同完成DSBs修復[1]。真核生物中DSBs修復的主要通路是HR,參與HR途徑的主要分子有MER11-Rad51-NSB1復合物、Rad51蛋白和Rad51蛋白類似體[2]。Rad51蛋白是HR的核心蛋白之一,除直接參與前兩種復合物外,還在Rad51蛋白類似體中發揮重要作用,包括XRCC3-Rad51C異二聚復合蛋白體(CX3)和Rad51B-Rad51C-Rad51D-XRCC2異四聚復合蛋白體(BCDX2)[3],這兩種復合物成員在HR的早期和晚期反應中起著關鍵作用并參與HR修復通路的整個進程[4]。近年研究發現,Rad51C蛋白表達異常與多種惡性腫瘤的發生、發展相關[5-9]。本文就Rad51C蛋白在DNA損傷修復中的作用,并進一步闡述Rad51C與腫瘤發生發展、放療抵抗等的關系并介紹其臨床應用潛力。

1 Rad51家族與Rad51C

Rad51定位于15號染色體q15.1,含339個氨基酸,包括XRCC2(BCDX2)、XRCC3(CX3)、Rad51B、Rad51C及Rad51D共5種同系物。Rad51同系物間可結合成Rad51B/Rad51C/Rad51D/XRCC2和Rad51C/ XRCC3等聚合物[3]。Rad51C為Rad51家族的旁系同源基因,位于染色體17q23,含376個氨基酸,在人類的睪丸、心肌、脾臟及前列腺等正常組織處表達,與Rad51家族其他成員相同氨基酸比例占到10%~26%[10]。在DNA損傷修復過程中,Rad51C可促進Rad51蛋白聚集,但Rad51C是直接與Rad51作用還是與其他蛋白協同,發揮間接作用,目前仍尚不明確。已有研究證實Rad51B與Rad51C復合物也可促進Rad51蛋白參與DNA鏈的交換[11],另有研究發現Rad51C/XRCC3復合物可參與DNA交叉鏈的切割反應[12],也有研究檢測到Rad51與Rad51C之間存在著直接的相互作用[13],因此Rad51C與Rad51在HR修復過程中均起到重要作用。

2 Rad51C與DNA損傷修復

DNA損傷修復是腫瘤學的研究熱點,已有研究顯示放化療誘導腫瘤細胞死亡的主要機制是DNA DSB,而DSB的修復方式主要有兩種,HR和NHE)。HR可修復由DNA損傷劑誘導或在DNA復制過程中出現的雙鏈斷裂DNA,是維持基因組穩定性及產生遺傳多樣性的一個重要的進化性保守機制。雙鏈斷裂(DSBs)修復離不開HR機制,而HR相關基因的表達上調可能會增加基因組的不穩定性及基因的自發性重組,促進腫瘤的發生[14-15]。Rad51C作為Rad51旁系同源基因中的一種,在DNA損傷修復過程中發揮的作用與Rad51同等重要;Rad51C的表達下降可影響DNA雙鏈損傷后Rad51焦點的形成,進而抑制DNA損傷修復[13]。此外,有研究報道Rad51C可識別并檢測DNA損傷信號進而將信號傳遞至下游通路,Rad51C在DNA損傷包括DSBs等修復過程中的具體作用途徑如下圖1[4]。

圖1 Rad51C基因在DNA損傷修復中的作用途徑Figure 1Role of Rad51C gene in DNA damage repair pathways

參與HR修復途徑的相關因子主要包括MRN同源重組修復復合物(MRE11-RAD50-NBS1復合體)、Rad51、Rad51同系物Rad52、Rad54及Rad51B、C、D等[2,16]。HR修復DNA損傷[7]可分為聯會前期、聯會期及聯會后期3個階段[18-20],當DSBs時,首先是Rad52蛋白與斷端結合,后促使Rad51聚集,形成Rad51-DNA單鏈復合物,Rad54再特異性結合到Rad51蛋白上,這就保證了HR活動啟動[21]。

Badie等[22]研究發現,HR反應的早期,Rad51C在ATM、NBS1及RPA共同作用下,在DNA損傷發生的即刻便聚集到了損傷處,與XRCC3共同作用磷酸化激活CHK2蛋白,啟動細胞周期檢測[23]。Rad51C也可作用于G1期CHK2的激活,并在HR的后期繼續作用[4],Rad51C在Holiday交叉(holiday junction,HJ)過程中發揮作用,并保證了HR的完成[12]。Kuznetsov等[24]進一步證實了Rad51C基因表達減少能明顯抑制HJ的遷移及拆分。此外,Rad51C也可通過DNA鏈間交聯(interatrand crosslinks,ICL)修復而募集HR相關修復因子而啟動HR過程,且參與了范科尼貧血(Fanconi anemia,FA)的發生[4]。

3 Rad51C與腫瘤

HR相關基因突變可造成基因組或染色體的不穩定性,增加腫瘤的發病風險[25-26],HR修復相關因子BRCA1、BRCA2與乳腺癌、卵巢癌的發病相關[27],Rad51與乳腺癌的發病相關[28],Rad52突變后的蛋白高表達與多種惡性腫瘤發病相關[29]。Meindl等[30]研究提示Rad51C基因存在14個突變位點,其中G125V和L138F突變點可引起HR功能的缺陷,而D159N、G264S、R366Q等突變點可減弱Rad51C蛋白的活性,研究發現Rad51C高表達與頭頸惡性腫瘤及結直腸癌存在相關性[7,9],但Min等[31]發現胃癌腫瘤組織中Rad51C的表達卻顯著低于癌旁組織。因此,Rad51C作為HR通路的關鍵蛋白之一,在腫瘤發生中的作用,仍尚不明確,深入研究Rad51C與腫瘤發生的相關分子機制有助于研究腫瘤對放、化療的抗拒和新治療靶點的開發。

4 Rad51C與放療

DNA是射線照射的主要靶點,射線照射導致細胞DSB,進而發生致死性細胞損傷[32]。HR主要作用就是參與DSBs修復,但在腫瘤細胞中,HR通路的諸多基因可通過多種機制發生突變,導致激活或失活,進而使HR通路在腫瘤中的作用更加復雜化[33]。在對RAD51C的突變研究中發現[34],中國倉鼠突變細胞CL-V4B存在RAD51C缺陷,有132個bp出現缺失,導致產生可變剪接轉錄物與缺乏外顯子5的CL-V4B,具有此種剪接體的突變細胞對DNA交聯劑如絲裂霉素C(MMC)、順鉑、烷化劑甲基甲磺酸酯和拓撲異構酶I抑制劑campthotecin等均具有高敏性,并表現出DNA損傷后Rad51克隆形成能力受損。RAD51C缺陷還導致MMC誘導染色體畸變的自發性增加以及姐妹染色單體交換減少,但中心體的形成并沒有受到影響,是否在射線照射中也存在類似現象,仍需要進一步研究。

另有研究顯示RAD51C的功能在Rad51蛋白旁系中的獨特性[35]。與RAD51C-/-的雞DT40細胞相比,CL-V4B倉鼠細胞對交聯劑更敏感。相較于雞的Rad51旁系敲除細胞、XRCC2-和XRCC3缺陷的嚙齒動物細胞,CL-V4B倉鼠細胞對X射線照射更加敏感,約增加了2倍[35-36],這顯示在不同的細胞類型或不同物種之間,RAD51C依賴性的DNA修復途徑可能對化療藥物及X射線誘導的DNA損傷修復起更重要的作用。通過抑制HR修復關鍵因子Rad51C的表達而減弱腫瘤細胞的損傷修復,有望逆轉放化療的抵抗而改善患者的整體預后。

5 小結

Rad51C是HR通路的關鍵蛋白之一,其過表達或突變可導致HR修復能力改變并引起基因組的不穩定性,與腫瘤的發生發展及對放化療等治療手段的耐受等相關。因此,檢測Rad51C的突變和表達可為臨床治療策略提供依據并可評估治療預后等,具有重要的臨床應用前景。

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(2016-04-29收稿)

(2016-07-27修回)

(編輯:楊紅欣校對:武斌)

丁新敏專業方向為惡性腫瘤的診斷、分期及多學科綜合治療。

E-mail:15822188031@163.com

Research progress on Rad51C in DNA damage repair

Xinmin DING1,Xiuli CHEN2,Ping WANG2
Correspondence to:Ping WANG;E-mail:tjdoctorwang@163.com

1Department of Oncology,The People's Hospital of Tianjin Seaside,Tianjin 300280,China;2Department of Radiotherapy Oncology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81372518)

Cytotoxic substances and ionizing radiation can easily induce DNA damage,and double strand breaks(DSBs)are the main form of DNA damage.DNA damage can activate intracellular DNA damage responses and further induce related biological effects,such as DNA damage repair and cell cycle arrest.Homologous recombination(HR)is the primary DSB repair mechanism in eukaryotes. Abnormal expression of Rad51C,which is a key factor in the HR pathway,may result in DNA repair disorder,genomic instability,and eventually lead to tumor formation.In recent studies,researchers considered Rad51C as a potential target for cancer treatment.We reviewed the research progress on Rad51C in DNA damage repair and radiotherapy.

neoplasm,gene,DNA damage,recombination/homologous recombination,Rad51C

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.18.502

①天津海濱人民醫院腫瘤科(天津市300280);②天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院放療科,國家腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室

*本文課題受國家自然科學基金(編號:81372518)資助

王平tjdoctorwang@163.com

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