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惰性淋巴瘤非化療藥物的治療現狀及進展

2016-04-08 07:14宋騰綜述王華慶審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2016年5期
關鍵詞:惰性單藥淋巴瘤

宋騰綜述 王華慶審校

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惰性淋巴瘤非化療藥物的治療現狀及進展

宋騰①綜述王華慶②審校

摘要惰性B細胞淋巴瘤是一類生長緩慢的淋巴系統腫瘤,主要包括濾泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,FL)、慢性淋巴細胞白血?。╟hronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)/小淋巴細胞淋巴瘤(small lymphocytic lymphoma,SLL)、華氏巨球蛋白血癥(waldenstom mac?roglobulinemia,WM)、邊緣區淋巴瘤(marginal zone lymphoma,MZL)以及低度惡性的套細胞淋巴瘤(low malignant mantle cell lym?phoma,MCL)等,對化療及免疫治療敏感,但無法治愈?;颊甙l病年齡、首次發病及再次復發時間、并發癥等均可影響化療療效。當前,在惰性淋巴瘤信號轉導通路及抗腫瘤免疫反應等方面,尤其是非細胞毒藥物研究的突破,支持了“非化療”理念的發展。本文將介紹抗CD20抗體與免疫調節劑、其他表面抗原單抗、PD-1受體抑制劑或B細胞受體信號通路抑制劑等藥物的應用。后繼的Ⅲ期臨床研究將進一步評估這些藥物在無化療背景下的療效,明確其治療價值。

關鍵詞惰性淋巴瘤非化療分子靶向治療免疫治療

Advances and the current status in chemotherapy-free management for indolent lymphomas

Teng SONG1,Huaqing WANG2
Correspondence to:Huaqing WANG;E-mail:Huaqingw@163.com
1Department of Lymphoma,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2Department of Oncology,Tianjin Union Medicine Center,Tianjin 300121,China

Abstract Indolent B-cell lymphomas constitute a slow growing cancer of the lymphatic system.These lymphomas mainly include follicular lymphoma,chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma,Waldenstom macroglobulinemia,marginal zone lymphoma,and low malignant mantle cell lymphoma.These lymphomas are sensitive to chemotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy,but they cannot be cured.Furthermore,patient age at diagnosis,patient age at time of first onset or subsequent relapses,and complications often influence the chemotherapy curative effect.At present,recent progress has been achieved in our understanding of dysregulated pathways and immunologic anti-tumor responses in indolent lymphoma.In particular,the breakthrough of non-cytotoxic drugs renders "chemo-free" treatment a near-future reality.In this review,we highlight these promising approaches,such as the combination of anti-CD20 antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs,mAbs directed against other surface antigens,and programmed cell death 1(PD-1)receptor inhibitor or B-cell receptor signaling pathway inhibitors.Future phase III studies will evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the context of non-chemotherapy and further clarify treatment status.

Keywords:indolent lymphoma,chemotherapy-free,targeted therapy,immunotherapy

抗CD20單克隆抗體利妥昔單抗(rituximab,美羅華)徹底改變了惰性B細胞淋巴瘤的治療模式,與傳統化療相比,利妥昔單抗聯合化療可顯著改善患者的近期緩解率,延長無進展生存、無病生存及總生存[1]。然而,免疫治療的近期和遠期毒性也備受關注,骨髓抑制是常見的近期毒性,可增加患者的感染風險,而繼發腫瘤為主要的遠期毒性。對于惰性淋巴瘤,最近的研究顯示新藥單藥或聯合應用可取得相同或更高的療效,同時可避免上述不良反應。本綜述對抗CD20單抗單藥或聯合其他新藥對于傳統治療的優勢進行了介紹。

1抗CD20單抗單藥治療

1.1利妥昔單抗

利妥昔單抗是靶向CD20抗原的重組嵌合型單克隆抗體,通過介導補體和抗體依賴的細胞毒作用(CDC和ADCC)誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡。多項研究證實單藥對復發難治惰性B細胞淋巴瘤有效率45%~55%,不良反應輕微,大多僅限于輸液相關反應(infu?sion related reaction,IRR)[2]。此外,利妥昔單抗單藥在一線治療方面也有較好的療效,總有效率(overall response rati,ORR)高達70%~75%,治療失敗時間(time to failure,TTF)可延長至2年[3]。最近研究表明與觀察等待相比,惰性淋巴瘤一線治療后利妥昔單抗維持治療可明顯延長患者無進展生存(PFS),但總生存(OS)未見明顯獲益[4]。

1.2其他抗CD20單抗

ofatumumab是一種全人源化抗CD20單抗,已批準用于治療氟達拉濱和阿侖單抗無效的CLL。一項Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究評估了ofatumumab對40例復發難治FL患者的療效,1 000 mg劑量組ORR為60%,療效較顯著[5]。Czuczman等[6]評估了該藥對116例利妥昔單抗耐藥的FL患者的療效,ORR為11%,中位有效持續時間為6個月,耐受性良好,首次輸注時1/2級IRR較多見。

obinutuzumab(GA101)為第二代Ⅱ型抗CD20單抗,與第一代藥物相比,具有更強的直接誘導細胞凋亡和ADCC作用。目前,GA101已被FDA批準聯合苯丁酸氮芥一線治療CLL。Ⅰ期試驗尚未發現劑量限制性毒性,主要以1/2級IRR多見[7]。一項Ⅱ期研究證實了GA101在復治惰性淋巴瘤中的優勢,對利妥昔單抗耐藥患者有效率為55%,中位PFS為11.3個月[8]。GAUSS研究頭對頭比較了GA101和rituximab治療惰性B細胞淋巴瘤的效果,GA101組緩解率更高(43% vs.28%),但PFS無差異[9]。

veltuzumab為另一種第二代人源化抗CD20單抗,互補決定區中除CDR3重鏈可變區上第101位天冬氨酸取代天冬酰胺外,其余序列與利妥昔單抗一致[10]。Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究顯示,veltuzumab在復治FL中有效率較高,耐受良好,經皮下或靜脈注射生物利用度高[11]。

綜上,利妥昔單抗仍是FDA批準用于治療復發濾泡淋巴瘤的唯一抗CD20單抗,既可單藥也可聯合化療用于一線或二線治療。新一代抗CD20單抗與利妥昔單抗頭對頭的比較研究仍在進行中。

2修飾性單抗

修飾性單抗如放射性標記的抗體或抗體偶聯藥物,在惰性淋巴瘤治療中也有一定作用??贵w偶聯藥物是抗體通過偶聯子與細胞毒性藥物的聯合,利用抗體的靶向作用將細胞毒藥物遞送到腫瘤細胞中,降低了藥物不良反應,目前仍在研究之中。放射免疫治療也是一種行之有效的“非化療”策略。131I標記的單抗(131I-tositumomab)和90Y標記的單抗(90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan)在復發難治甚至初治惰性淋巴瘤中獲得了理想的效果。Kaminski等[12]報道131I-tosi?tumomab一線治療可提高FL的總有效率。Witzig等[13]比較了90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan與rituximab治療復治惰性B細胞淋巴瘤的療效,放射免疫組疾病緩解時間明顯延長,但疾病進展時間無明顯差異。

3作用于其他位點的單抗

CD22可高表達于B細胞表面,依帕珠單抗(epratuzumab)是一種人源化抗CD22單抗,Leonard等[14]研究顯示其對復發難治惰性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)有效率為18%。CALGB50701研究[15]采用epratuzumab聯合rituximab方案治療初治FL,有效率為88%,完全緩解率(CR)為42%,持續緩解時間也有所延長,60%患者3年后仍處于緩解狀態。

其他單克隆抗體處于早期研究階段,如抗CD37 (otlertuzumab)和抗CD74(milatuzumab)單抗。2014年美國血液學年會報道了otlertuzumab單藥治療CLL的Ⅰ期臨床研究,耐受性良好[16]。一項Ⅰ期研究報道了抗CD74單抗治療多發性骨髓瘤(MM)的初步結果,milatuzumab在8 mg/m2組未出現劑量限制性毒性及其他副作用,安全性較高[17]。Christian等[18]的Ⅰ期研究采用milatuzumab聯合veltuzumab方案治療復發難治NHL(包括惰性和侵襲性淋巴瘤),總有效率為22%,耐受性良好。

4免疫調節治療

大多數單克隆抗體主要靶向于腫瘤細胞表面的特異性抗原,并介導CDC和ADCC作用誘導細胞凋亡。目前,越來越多的新型單抗通過調節機體抗腫瘤免疫反應發揮作用。

程序性死亡配體1(PD-L1)屬于B7家族,與T細胞表面的程序性死亡受體(PD-1)相互作用負性調節免疫應答,誘導腫瘤抗原特異性T細胞凋亡,使腫瘤細胞逃避免疫監控。PD-1抑制劑可抑制PD-1/PD-L1通路,已成為腫瘤免疫治療的新熱點。Westin等[19]報道了PD-1抑制劑(pidilizumab)聯合rituximab治療復發難治FL的結果,ORR為66%(19/29),CR為52% (15/29),中位PFS為18.8個月,療效顯著。其他PD-1抑制劑,如nivolumab和lambrolizumab(MK-3475),在多發性骨髓瘤中的作用已被證實,其對惰性淋巴瘤的治療也在研究中。

其他免疫調節通路,如CD47、CD137或免疫球蛋白樣受體(KIR)等,未來也可能成為“非化療”的研究方向。CD47高表達于NHL腫瘤細胞表面,通過激活巨噬細胞和樹突狀細胞表面信號調節蛋白α的表達抑制吞噬作用。研究發現,將抗CD47抗體與ritux?imab聯合可增強Fc受體依賴及非依賴性的吞噬作用,延長人類淋巴瘤小鼠的生存[20]。目前,抗CD47單抗的Ⅰ期研究已在晚期實體瘤中開展,血液腫瘤方面還未進行。自然殺傷細胞與CD20(+)NHL腫瘤細胞結合時,CD137可高度表達??笴D137抗體可促進由單克隆抗體激活的NK細胞釋放,增強ADCC,發揮抗腫瘤效應[21]。MHCⅠ類抗原主要表達于淋巴瘤細胞表面,與KIR相互作用可降低NK細胞的抗腫瘤作用??筀IR單抗(lirilumab)可抑制上述通路,增強NK細胞的功能,發揮抗腫瘤作用。在骨髓瘤、急性白血病和實體瘤中抗KIR單抗的研究也在進行中,在淋巴瘤方面,臨床前數據也顯出較好的結果[22]。

5免疫調劑藥物

免疫調劑藥物(IMiD)如沙利度胺、來那度胺,在多發性骨髓瘤中獲得成功,目前也應用于惰性淋巴瘤的治療。惰性淋巴瘤中腫瘤浸潤T細胞與腫瘤細胞接觸時無法形成免疫突觸,不能殺傷腫瘤細胞,而IMiD可以克服此缺陷。

Witzig等[23]的Ⅱ期研究采用來那度胺單藥治療復發難治惰性NHL,ORR為23%,CR為7%,中位疾病緩解時間明顯延長(至少16.5個月),3/4級不良反應主要為白細胞減少和血小板減少。多項研究證實來那度胺聯合利妥昔單抗療效更高,總有效率為49%~86%,對于FL 3級有效率為25%[24-26]。Leonard等[26]比較了來那度胺單藥與聯合利妥昔單抗的療效,最新結果顯示與單藥相比,聯合方案更加有效(ORR 75% vs.49%),無病生存時間也顯著延長(2.0 年vs.1.2年,P=0.006)。

該聯合方案也可用于初治患者。Fowler等[27]入組了110例初治晚期患者,包括SLL 30例,FL 50例,MCL 30例,聯合方案有效率高達90%,其中FL患者為98%(CR/CRu為87%)。PCR檢測顯示幾乎所有FL患者達到分子水平緩解,復查45例治療前行PET掃描的患者,42例(93%)達到緩解狀態。該方案的有效性及安全性仍需進一步證實。瑞士和北歐淋巴瘤組的研究(NCT01307605)將在晚期FL患者中比較8個周期美羅華(1~4和12~15周)與美羅華聯合來那度胺的療效。美國淋巴瘤研究組將比較來那度胺誘導治療后美羅華2年維持治療與聯合方案的療效(NCT01650701),結果值得期待。

6其他靶點的治療

ibrutinib是一種口服、高選擇性的Bruton's酪氨酸激酶(BTK)抑制劑。2013年,FDA批準ibrutinib用于治療復發難治MCL及WM。Ⅰ期劑量爬坡試驗未獲得ibrutinib的最大耐受劑量,37.5%(6/16)的FL、75%(3/4)的WM及25%(1/4)MCL患者獲得治療反應[28]。FLR2002Ⅱ期研究[29]將評估ibrutinib在110例復發難治FL中的療效。ibrutinib聯合rituximab或lenalidomide的研究(NCT01980654,NCT01829568)也在招募之中,結果值得等待。

idelalisib是首個口服、選擇性的磷酸肌醇3-激酶δ(PI3Kδ)抑制劑。FDA批準了idelalisib的適應證:聯合利妥昔單抗治療復發CLL及單藥治療復發FL。Ⅰ期臨床顯示,idelalisib安全性較高,不良反應少,對惰性淋巴瘤有效率為47%[30]。一項單臂、多中心的Ⅱ期研究入組了125例惰性NHL,包括FL 72例,SLL 28例,WM 10例,MZL 13例,采用idelalisib單藥治療。結果顯示ORR為57%,其中CR 6%,中位應答時間12.5個月,中位PFS 11個月[31]。

7其他藥物

近期研究發現,蛋白酶體抑制劑(如硼替佐米)單藥或聯合美羅華對惰性淋巴瘤也有一定效果。一項Ⅲ期研究顯示,硼替佐米聯合美羅華可顯著延長美羅華耐藥FL患者的PFS,具有較好的療效[32]。Ng等[33]的Ⅰ期研究發現,Bcl-2抑制劑ABT/GDC-199對13例FL患者有效率為28%,4例WM有效率為75%,3 例MZL有效率為67%。Bcl-2抑制劑單藥或聯合使用也可成為惰性淋巴瘤“非化療”的新的研究方向。

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(2015-11-22收稿)

(2016-01-28修回)

(編輯:鄭莉校對:武斌)

宋騰專業方向為腫瘤內科治療及惡性淋巴瘤的診療與基礎研究。

E-mail:songteng2013@163.com

·綜述·

作者簡介

通信作者:王華慶Huaqingw@163.com

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.05.315

作者單位:①天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院淋巴瘤科,國家腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室(天津市300060);②天津市人民醫院腫瘤診治中心

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