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糌粑加工過程中穩定同位素指紋分餾效應分析

2020-01-13 06:53李繼榮張唐偉次仁德吉楊小俊次頓
中國農業科學 2019年24期
關鍵詞:糌粑水磨青稞

李繼榮,張唐偉,次仁德吉,楊小俊,次頓

糌粑加工過程中穩定同位素指紋分餾效應分析

李繼榮,張唐偉,次仁德吉,楊小俊,次頓

(西藏自治區農牧科學院農業質量標準與檢測研究所/農業農村部農產品質量監督檢驗測試中心(拉薩),拉薩 850032)

【目的】系統分析青稞原料、炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑中穩定碳、氮、氫和氧同位素的差異,揭示糌粑加工過程中青稞原料、炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑穩定碳、氮、氫和氧同位素的組成特征及相關性,為青稞及其制品產地溯源提供理論與技術支撐?!痉椒ā?018年從西藏自治區日喀則市糌粑加工作坊分別采集炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑各11份,同時在對應地點采集青稞原料11份;實驗室模擬糌粑加工過程的青稞原料和炒制青稞各8份。利用元素分析-同位素比率質譜儀(EA—IRMS)測定青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑中的穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素。結合單因素方差分析及LSD或Games-Howell多重比較分析探究穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素在青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑間的差異;逐步判別分析區分雅魯藏布江和年楚河青稞及其制品;獨立樣本T檢驗分析水磨和電磨加工糌粑樣品穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素差異;配對數據T檢驗分析模擬試驗中青稞原料、炒制青稞樣品穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素差異,皮爾遜相關分析解析青稞原料和炒制青稞樣品穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素的相關性?!窘Y果】青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑間穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素比值無顯著差異;穩定氮同位素對不同流域來源青稞判別率為72.7%,穩定氮、氧同位素對不同流域來源炒制青稞判別率為90.9%,糌粑判別率100%;水磨和電磨加工糌粑穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素比值無顯著差異;模擬試驗中青稞原料與炒制青稞穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素比值無顯著差異,青稞原料與炒制青稞間穩定碳、氮同位素存在顯著正相關(<0.05)?!窘Y論】糌粑穩定碳、氮、氧同位素與炒制青稞穩定碳、氮、氧同位素間分餾效應不顯著;青稞及其制品中穩定同位素存在一定地域性;糌粑加工過程中使用電磨或水磨,對糌粑穩定碳、氮、氫、氧同位素值無影響;青稞原料穩定碳、氮同位素反映糌粑穩定碳、氮同位素特征;利用穩定同位素技術可以實現對糌粑的原產地溯源。

糌粑;青稞;穩定同位素指紋;溯源性;分餾;西藏

0 引言

【研究意義】食品產地溯源技術是有效實施食品原產地追溯、保護名優特產品的重要技術手段[1]。作為藏族人民最愛吃的食物之一,糌粑中含有豐富的營養物質,具有熱量高、抗寒耐饑、降膽固醇、易于保存和制作的特點[2-4]。糌粑是由青稞經除雜、清洗、晾干、翻炒、磨粉等工藝制成的粉狀食物[5]。傳統研磨方法除部分人力研磨外,大多是水磨碾磨,隨著電力資源的豐富,磨面機在糌粑加工過程中得到廣泛應用[6]。黨君[7]的研究顯示拉薩市青稞脂肪酸含量高于青海、甘肅、云南地區的青稞,營養成分(水分、灰分、蛋白質、脂肪、淀粉)表現為日喀則市優于云南迪慶地區。穩定同位素是用于植源性農產品產地溯源的有效指標[8-13]。研究糌粑加工過程中穩定同位素的組成特征,有助于擴大穩定同位素指紋圖譜技術的應用范圍,可為青稞產地溯源及青稞產業鏈追溯提供理論和技術支撐?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】穩定同位素指紋圖譜技術具有靈敏度高,實驗操作簡便,可較好地區分被追蹤物質是新加入的還是試驗系統固定的等優點,已被廣泛應用于農產品產地溯源中[14]。該技術主要應用于谷物[12,15-20]、果品[21-24]、茶葉[25-27]、經濟作物[13,28]、蔬菜[11,29-31]等農產品產地溯源。穩定同位素指紋圖譜技術應用于谷物產地溯源的研究對象多為小麥[12,19,32-34]和水稻[17,20,35-36]。常用的測定指標有δ13C、δ15N、δD、δ18O、δ34S和86Sr/88Sr等[14]。LIU等[19]研究結果顯示,利用δ13C、δ15N、δD對新鄉、楊凌和石家莊冬小麥產地溯源的判別率為77.8%,結合δ13C、δ15N、δD和86Sr/88Sr的判別率達到98.1%。Wadood等[32]的研究結果表明小麥籽粒及其產品(面條、煮熟面條)間的δ13C、δ15N、δ18O無顯著差異,且δ13C、δ15N、δ18O可以用于對小麥籽粒及其產品(面條、煮熟面條)產地溯源。Fraser等[37]的碳化試驗表明,低溫(230℃以下)加熱谷物對其δ13C影響不大,δ15N值平均富集1‰?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】糌粑加工過程中穩定同位素是否存在分餾,進而應用于青稞及其制品產地溯源還不清楚,電磨或者水磨產糌粑穩定同位素比值是否存在顯著差異也未見相關報道?!緮M解決的關鍵問題】研究不同成分、不同加工方式糌粑穩定同位素差異,探究應用穩定同位素指紋圖譜技術進行青稞及其制品產地溯源的可行性,為青稞及制品的產地溯源提供理論參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料

2018年11月從西藏自治區日喀則市雅魯藏布江段和年楚河段糌粑加工作坊分別采集炒制青稞6份和5份,對應磨粉糌粑6份和5份,同時在對應地點采集青稞原料6份和5份,采樣點見表1;實驗室模擬糌粑加工過程的青稞原料8份和炒制青稞8份。

表1 采樣點信息表

1.2 試驗方法

1.2.1 樣品前處理 蒸餾水清洗青稞籽粒,除去表面附著物,青稞籽粒和炒青稞放入60℃烘箱內48 h烘干至恒重,烘干后的樣品用藥用粉碎機粉碎,過200目篩;糌粑樣品放入60℃烘箱內48 h烘干至恒重,過200目篩;處理好的樣品放入自封袋中備用。

1.2.2 糌粑模擬試驗 稱取300 g青稞籽粒平均分成2份,每份150 g,一份樣品按照1.2.1所述進行處理,直接用于δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O檢測;一份樣品進行潤麥,添加超純水(Milli-Q,Millipore,USA),調整青稞含水量達到15%,潤麥時間3 h。不沾鍋中加入200 g蒸餾水清洗干凈自然晾干的沙子,放在電爐上加熱溫度至230—240℃[38],倒入青稞籽粒迅速翻炒,待青稞爆腰率達85%以上時過60目篩分離青稞和沙子[6]。青稞原料和炒青稞按照1.2.1所述進行處理。試驗用沙子放入60℃烘箱內48 h烘干至恒重,過200目篩進行δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O檢測。

1.2.3 樣品測定 使用萬分之一天平稱取6.5 mg樣品放入錫箔杯中包樣進行穩定碳、氮同位素檢測,稱取1 mg樣品放入銀舟中包樣進行穩定氫、氧同位素檢測。元素分析儀(vario PYRO cube,Elementar,Germany)聯穩定同位素質譜儀(IsoPrime100,IsoPrime,UK)進行穩定碳、氮同位素檢測。元素分析儀(Flash EA2000型)聯穩定同位素質譜儀(MAT253型)進行穩定氫、氧同位素檢測。使用標準品為IAEA-600、IAEA-601、IAEA-CH-7,儀器對δ13C、δ15N、δ18O和δD的連續測定精度<0.2‰。

穩定同位素比值表示樣品與標準品之間偏差的千分數:

δ(‰)=[(sample/standard)-1]×1000

式中:指13C或15N或18O或D;R=13C/12C或15N/14N或18O/16O或2H/1H;sample為被測樣品的同位素比值;standard為標準品的同位素比值。

1.3 數據處理及質量控制

使用軟件Excel 2007對數據進行整理,SPSS 20對數據進行統計分析,使用單因素方差分析對糌粑生產過程中的青稞原料、炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑樣品的δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O值進行分析。青稞樣品統計檢驗前,用Kolmogorov-Smirnov和Levene統計量分別檢驗所有數據的正態性和方差同質性,滿足方差齊性時采用LSD多重比較,不滿足方差齊性時采用Games-Howell多重比較法進行分析。使用逐步判別分析對雅魯藏布江和年楚河流域樣品進行判別。使用獨立樣本T檢驗對電磨和水磨研磨糌粑的穩定同位素(δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O)進行分析。使用配對數據T檢驗對糌粑模擬試驗中青稞原料和炒制青稞樣品中的穩定同位素(δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O)進行分析,使用Pearson相關分析青稞原料和糌粑中穩定同位素(δ13C、δ15N、δD和δ18O)相關性。

2 結果

2.1 加工對糌粑穩定同位素特征影響及差異

2.1.1 糌粑加工過程中穩定同位素特征及差異 糌粑加工過程中青稞原料δ13C值介于-25.27‰—-23.89‰,炒青稞的δ13C介于-25.58‰—-24.27‰,糌粑的δ13C介于-25.60‰—-24.01‰;糌粑加工過程中青稞原料δ15N值介于0.55‰—4.69‰,炒青稞的δ15N值介于-0.38‰—6.74‰,糌粑的δ15N值介于1.02‰—6.90‰;糌粑加工過程中青稞原料δ18O值介于12.38‰—21.76‰,炒青稞的δ18O值介于10.63‰—21.79‰,糌粑的δ18O值介于12.81‰—23.28‰;糌粑加工過程中青稞原料δD值介于-206.76—-150.91‰,炒青稞的δD值介于-207.88‰—-160.45‰,糌粑的δD值介于-194.09‰—-159.40‰。如表2所示,δD值相對δ13C、δ15N和δ18O值標準差較大。

表2 糌粑加工過程中穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素(平均數±標準差)

同一列不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(<0.05)。下同

Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (<0.05). The same as below

單因素方差分析結果顯示(圖1、圖2),糌粑加工過程中青稞原料、炒青稞和糌粑間的穩定碳、氮、氫和氧同位素間均無顯著差異,δ13C單因素方差分析結果為(2,30)=0.15(>0.05),δ15N單因素方差分析結果為(2,30)=0.024(>0.05),δ18O單因素方差分析結果為(2,30)=0.864(>0.05),δD單因素方差分析結果為(2,30)=0.618(>0.05)。

2.1.2 不同加工方式糌粑穩定同位素差異 水磨和電磨加工糌粑δ13C、δ15N、δ18O、δD值如表2所示,水磨糌粑的δ13C值介于-25.27‰—-24.01‰,電磨糌粑的δ13C介于-24.86‰—-24.31‰;水磨糌粑的δ15N值介于1.98‰—6.90‰,電磨糌粑的δ15N值介于1.02‰—4.51‰;水磨糌粑的δ18O值介于15.41‰—23.28‰,電磨糌粑的δ18O值介于12.81‰—21.66‰;水磨糌粑的δD值介于-184.90—-159.40‰,電磨糌粑的δD值介于-194.09‰—-166.85‰。兩組加工方式間均無顯著差異。

表3 不同加工方式產糌粑樣品穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素(平均數±標準差)

圖1 糌粑加工過程中穩定碳、氮同位素

圖2 糌粑加工過程中穩定氫、氧同位素

獨立樣本T檢驗結果顯示(圖1、圖2),水磨糌粑穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素比值與電磨糌粑穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素比值無顯著差異,δ13C的9=-0.59(>0.05),δ15N的9=1.0219(>0.05),δ18O的9=0.56(>0.05),δD的9=0.161(>0.05)。

2.2 模擬加工對糌粑穩定同位素特征影響及相關性

2.2.1 模擬糌粑加工過程青稞原料與炒青稞樣品穩定同位素差異 模擬糌粑加工過程中青稞原料與炒青稞樣品δ13C、δ15N、δ18O、δD值如表4所示,配對數據的T檢驗結果顯示(圖1、圖2),青稞原料δ13C、δ15N、δD、δ18O與炒青稞δ13C、δ15N、δD、δ18O值之間無顯著差異,值分別為7=0.27(>0.05)、7=1.402(>0.05)、7=0.175(>0.05)和7=-0.94(>0.05)。試驗用沙子δ13C、δ18O、δD比值分別為21.438‰、-0.59‰、-169.21‰,δ15N比值未檢出。

表4 模擬糌粑加工過程中青稞原料與炒青稞樣品穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素

2.2.2 模擬糌粑加工過程中青稞原料與炒青稞樣品穩定同位素相關性分析 模擬糌粑加工試驗得到的青稞原料和炒青稞之間的穩定碳、氮、氧和氫同位素比值圖如圖3—6所示。Pearson相關分析結果顯示青稞原料δ13C、δ15N與炒青稞δ13C、δ15N存在顯著正相關,相關系數分別為=0.719(<0.05)、=0.79(<0.05);青稞原料δD、δ18O與炒青稞δD、δ18O無顯著相關性,相關系數分別為=0.124(>0.05)、=0.163(>0.05)。

2.3 不同流域青稞及其制品產地溯源判別分析

雅魯藏布江和年楚河流域青稞及其制品逐步判別分析結果顯示,穩定氮同位素比值可以作為不同流域青稞原料判別指標,回代檢驗判別率和交叉檢驗判別率均為72.7%。穩定氮同位素比值和穩定氧同位素比值可以作為不同流域炒青稞和不同流域糌粑判別分析指標。不同流域炒青稞回代檢驗判別率和交叉檢驗判別率均為90.9%,不同流域糌粑的回代檢驗判別率和交叉檢驗判別率均達到100%。如圖7所示,雅魯藏布江流域青稞及其制品穩定同位素比值主要落在穩定氮、氧同位素圖的左下方,而年楚河流域青稞及其制品穩定同位素比值主要落在穩定氮、氧同位素圖的右上方。雅魯藏布江流域青稞及其制品穩定氮同位素較年楚河流域青稞及其制品穩定氮同位素貧化;雅魯藏布江流域炒青稞和糌粑穩定氧同位素較年楚河流域炒青稞和糌粑穩定氧同位素貧化。

圖3 糌粑加工過程中穩定碳同位素比值

圖4 糌粑加工過程中穩定氮同位素比值

圖5 糌粑加工過程中穩定氧同位素比值

圖6 糌粑加工過程中穩定氘同位素比值

圖7 不同流域青稞及其制品穩定氮、氧同位素比值

3 討論

近年來,基于穩定同位素特征的谷物產地溯源技術已成為谷物地理標志保護的重要手段。模擬青稞原料加工炒青稞的過程中,230—240℃加熱約2 min,青稞爆腰率便可達到85%,本研究中青稞原料與炒青稞間δ13C的結果與Fraser等[37]的碳化試驗結果相同,氮δ15N結果相比Fraser等[37]得出的加熱使δ15N值平均富集1‰的結果有所不同,其原因可能與青稞加熱時間較短,美德拉反應[39]未能導致青稞δ15N的變化有關。

炒青稞加工為糌粑的主要方式是研磨,炒青稞和糌粑間穩定同位素無顯著差異,進一步說明研磨處理對樣品δ13C、δ15N、δD、δ18O值無影響。電磨或水磨對糌粑δ13C、δ15N、δD、δ18O無影響,此結果與楊樂等[40]得出的直接剪碎或液氮研磨對羽毛的δ13C、δ15N值無影響的結果相似。調查結果顯示水磨相對電磨研磨的糌粑保質期較長,但是對于一些小作坊來說,水磨相對電磨研磨存在一定的季節限制,當冬季水流減小或無水時,水磨研磨糌粑則不可行。

判別分析結果顯示,青稞及其制品穩定同位素存在一定的地域特征性。雅魯藏布江發源于西藏西南部喜馬拉雅山北麓的杰馬央宗冰川,是世界上海拔最高的一條大河,年楚河是雅魯藏布江的一級支流[41]。位于雅魯藏布江干流謝通門縣δD為-138.2‰,δ18O為-14.6‰;年楚河δD為-112.4‰,δ18O為-10.3‰[42]。李繼榮等[42]對2014年西藏主要水體穩定氫、氧同位素研究結果顯示水體δD、δ18O的取值范圍分別為-152.06‰—-19.05‰、-16.96‰—4.66‰,青稞δD較水體δD偏貧化,青稞δ18O較水體δ18O偏富集,這一結果與LIU等[18]得出的脫脂小麥δD與0—20 cm土壤水δD呈正相關的結果不同,其原因可能是由于本試驗中的青稞及其制品樣品為2018年采集,而水體δD、δ18O數據為2014年樣品,由于不同年際間氣候條件(溫度、濕度、降水量等)的不同,導致δD、δ18O比值不同[43]。但LIU等[18]的研究對象為低海拔地區冬小麥,屬于小麥屬植物,而本研究對象為高海拔青稞樣品,屬于大麥屬植物,不同屬、不同海拔植物δD、δ18O與土壤水δD、δ18O相關性是否一致需要做進一步的研究。另外,由于本研究用于判別分析的樣本較少,尚需增加樣本量對判別分析結果做進一步驗證。

4 結論

青稞及其制品穩定同位素存在一定的地域特征性;糌粑加工過程中使用電磨或水磨,對糌粑穩定同位素δ13C、δ15N、δ18O、δD值無顯著影響;模擬糌粑加工的炒青稞與青稞原料穩定同位素指紋無顯著差異。穩定同位素指紋分析技術可以應用到青稞及其產品產地溯源中。

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Fractionation Effect of Stable Isotopic Ratios in Tsamba Processing

LI JiRong, ZHANG TangWei, CIREN DeJi, YANG XiaoJun, CI Dun

(Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences/Supervision and Testing Center for Farm Products Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa 850032)

【Objective】Our study mainly analyzed the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes, and revealed the characteristics and correlations of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material, highland barley stir-frying, and milling tsamba in tsamba processing, which could provide a theoretical and technical basis for geographical origin traceability of highland barley and its products. 【Method】 We collected 11 samples of both stir-frying highland barley and milling tsamba from Xigaze (Tibet) tsamba processing workshop in 2018, and 11 samples of raw highland barley material were collected simultaneously from corresponding sites; 8 samples of both raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley were collected by the simulation of tsamba processing in the laboratory. Stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes were measured by element analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The one-way analysis of variance was combined with LSD or Games-Howell multiple comparison analysis to analyze the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes from perspectives of raw highland barley material, stir-frying highland barley, and tsamba. Stepwise discriminant analysis was employed to distinguish highland barley and its products from Yarlung Tsangpo River and Nianchu River. We used independent - sample T test to discover the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopic between water milling tsamba and electric grinding tsamba. Paired T test was adopted to analyze the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley samples in the simulation experiment. And Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley. 【Result】 No significant difference was found in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios among raw highland barley material, stir-frying highland barley, and tsamba. The highland barley discrimination rate of stable nitrogen isotope from different watersheds was 72.7%, and the stir-frying highland barley discriminant rate of stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes from different watersheds was 90.9%, whereas the tsamba discriminant rate was 100%. No significant difference was found in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios between water milling tsamba and electric grinding tsamba. In the simulation experiment, there was no difference in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios between raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley, while significant positive correlation was found in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios between raw highland barley materials and stir-frying highland barley (<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The fractionation effect of the stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes between stir-frying highland barley and tsamba was not significant. The stable isotopes in highland barley and its products were regional. In the tsamba processing, the use of either electric grinding or water milling had no effect on the stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios of tsamba. Simulation of tsamba processing experiment results showed that stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in raw highland barley material could reflect the stable isotopes characteristics of those in tsamba. Therefore, stable isotope technology could be used for realizing the geographical origin traceability of tsamba.

tsamba; highland barley; stable isotope fingerprint; traceability; fractionation; Tibet

2019-06-03;

2019-08-23

西藏自治區科技重大專項(Z2016B01N04,ZD20170014,XZ201801NA04,XZ201901NA04)、國家大麥青稞產業體系(CARS-05-02-06)

李繼榮,Tel:18089980869;E-mail:ljr18697179656@163.com。通信作者次頓,Tel:13989086593;Fax:0891-6868491;E-mail:13989086593@163.com。通信作者張唐偉,Tel:13518997809;Fax:0891-6868491;E-mail:zhangtangwei04@163.com

(責任編輯 趙伶俐)

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